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Ap biology Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis > Cellular communication > Flashcards

Cellular communication Flashcards

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1
Q

external signals are converted to

A

responses within the cell

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2
Q

the 3 steps of cell communication

A

signal reception,transduction,response

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3
Q

signal transduction pathway is a specific cellular response in a _____

A

series of steps

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4
Q

(yeast and animal) and (bacteria and plant) are very similar in what way

A

share evolution history

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5
Q

what is local signaling

A

cells are touching,close,direct contact

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6
Q

cell junctions in animal cells

A

cytoplasm are connected and signals pass freely

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7
Q

cell junction in plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

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8
Q

cell to cell recognition

A

process where ANIMAL CELLS may communicate via DIRECT CONTACT between membrane-bound cell-surface molecules

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9
Q

there are gaps in the cell junction (in plant and animal cells) because

A

things can pass between cells when attached together

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10
Q

what usually passes through cells when they are connected

A

solute
signals
organisms
organelles

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11
Q

difference between cell junction and cell to cell recognition

A

cell to cell recognition is still directly touching but with membrane-bound cell surface molecules signals can move one way or both

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12
Q

long distance signaling happens in what types of cells

A

plants and animals

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13
Q

endocrine signaling is

A

a type of long distance signaling and only in animals and in the endocrine system

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14
Q

the chemical messenger in the endocrine system

A

chemical messenger

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15
Q

how does the endocrine signaling work

A

specialized cells release hormones

hormones travel via the circulatory system (transported wherever the hormones are going)

hormones will then reach target cells,recognize/ and respond to the hormones.

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16
Q

target cells are

A

The certain cell a signaling molecule has to go to

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17
Q

hormones vary wildely

A

in size and type (structure determine function)

example of hormones
ethylene

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18
Q

hormones vary wildely

A

in size and type (structure determine function)

example of hormones
ethylene
insulin
steroids

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19
Q

what are the 3 stages of cell signaling

A

reception
transduction
response

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20
Q

how does the plasmodesmata pass stuff through their cells

A

when signaling substances dissolve in the cytosol it can pass freely between cells

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21
Q

another type of cell signaling (secretion)

A

when cells secrete messenger molecules that regulates close by it would influence cells in the vicinity

22
Q

growth factor

A

a local regulator that stimulates nearby target cells to grow and divide

23
Q

can numerous cells receive and send a response at the same time

A

yes

24
Q

paracrine signaling

A

secretion of signaling molecules to nearby cells (affects the growth factor).the growth factor then takes place

25
Q

synaptic signaling

A

an electrical signaling moving along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of neurotransmitter molecules carrying a chemical signal.These molecules diffuse across the synapse triggering a response in the target cell

26
Q

hormones are chemicals in

A

both plant and animal cells specifically for long distance signaling

27
Q

3 major types of receptors

A
  1. g-protein coupled receptors (GPCR)
  2. receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)
    3.Ion channel receptor
28
Q

G-protein

A

a protein that binds the energy rich molecule GTP (which is like ATP but instead of Adenosine its Guanosine)

29
Q

reception steps

A

1.target cell detects the signaling molecule from outside of cell

2.when cells receptor binds to signalling molecule,the chemical signal is detected

30
Q

reception can also happen in the

A

cell near the nucleus

31
Q

the receptor proteins allow

A

the cell to detect the signaling and respond to it

32
Q

the signaling is like a lock and key how

A

the signaling protein is complementary in shape to a specific site on the receptor and attached there

32
Q

the signaling is like a lock and key how

A

the signaling protein is complementary in shape to a specific site on the receptor and attached there

33
Q

ligand

A

a molecule that specifically binds to another molecule. a signaling molecule acts like a ligand

34
Q

ligand binding causes

A

a receptor protein to change shape.

35
Q

shape change usually

A

directly activates the receptor to interact with other cellular molecules

36
Q

most signaling receptors are

A

plasma membrane proteins

37
Q

ligands are ______ and ______ which means

A

water soluble/large, the ligands are water soluble but its to large for it to move through the plasma membrane

38
Q

where is the GPCR found and what does it work with

A

its found on the cell surface transmembrane and works with the help of the G-protein

39
Q

what is GPCR used for

A

yeast mating factors
epinephrine
NTs
Hormones
embryonic development ( there sensory receptions)

40
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinase (RTK) contains what that differentiates it from other surface receptors

A

it has natural enzymatic activity

41
Q

kinase

A

enzyme that catalyzes transfer of phosphate groups

42
Q

where are the receptors of RTK placed

A

part of the receptor extends into the cytoplasm

43
Q

the receptor functions as

A

trrosine kinase

44
Q

the tyrosine kinase function is

A

it catalyzed transfer of phosphate group from ATP to tyrosine on a substrate protein

45
Q

a single RTK can

A

activate 10+ different transduction pathways

46
Q

the RTK finally activates once

A

the signaling molecule attaches

47
Q

ligand-gated ion channel

A

is a membrane receptor with a region that can act as a gate for ions when the receptor assumes a certain shape

48
Q

when a signaling molecule binds as a ligand to the ion channel receptor protein what happens

A

the gates opens or closes,allowing or blocking the diffusion of specific ions such as Na+ or Ca+,through a channel in the portien

49
Q

the gate in the ligand area receptor will

A

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Ap biology Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis (5 decks)

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