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Ap biology Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis > Ap biology cellular respiration and photosynthesis > Flashcards

Ap biology cellular respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

how is photosynthesis in chloroplast related

A

The products of photosynthesis ( the first energy conversion happens in the photosynthesis) helps start cellular respiration

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2
Q

products of cellular respiration is

A

CO2 and H2O

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3
Q

Products of photosynthesis

A

organic molecules and O2

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4
Q

ATP powers most

A

cellular work and what is released becomes heat energy

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5
Q

How many phases are there to cellular resperation

A

4

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6
Q

what are the phases to cellular resperation

A
  1. Glycolysis
    2.Bridge
  2. Krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle)
  3. Oxidative phsophorolysation
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7
Q

glycolysis is

A

“sugar splitting” the process by which cells convert the energy in food into the energy of ATP

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8
Q

What are the 3 main steps of Glycolysis

A

1.Investment phase
2. energy investment phase broken into 2 steps for making it easier for me personally
-“cleavage”
- energy harvest

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9
Q

how many ATP is invested in glycolysis

A

2 ATP

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10
Q

glycolysis happens in the

A

cytosol (in cytoplasm)

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11
Q

does glycolysis need oxygen

A

no

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12
Q

energy pay off in glycolysis

A

4 ATP

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13
Q

In glycolysis electrons are added to NAD+ and reduces it to

A

NADH

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14
Q

What is produced in glycolosis

A

2 net ATP
2 pyruvates
2 H2O ( is a waste product )
2 NADH

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15
Q

the 2 NADH produced in Glycolysis is

A

Stored for later

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16
Q

Glycolysis energy investment phase step 1

A

once glucose enters glycolysis it gets phosphorylated and turns into a 6c glucose

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17
Q

Glycolysis energy investment phase step 2

A

with help from an enzyme the 6c glucose breaks down into 2, 3c glucose which is called G3P

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18
Q

Glycolysis energy payoff phase step 1

A

G3P then is oxidized and transfer electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which creates NADH

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19
Q

Substrate level phosphorylation

A

when phosphate group of a substrate is transferred to the ADP to make ATP

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20
Q

Glycolysis energy Payoff phase Step 2

A

another enzyme will then rearrange G3P to enable the molecule to power 2 substrate level phosphorylation to create ADP to ATP

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21
Q

Glycolysis energy Payoff phase Step 3

A

this G3P will then become 2 pyruvates which has loads of energy that will be used for later

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22
Q

phase 2 is

A

the bridge

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23
Q

Bridge extremely simplified

A

“pyruvate oxidation”——-> formation of Acetyl Coa

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24
Q

step 1 of the bridge

A

the pyruvates will be transported/diffused with the transport protein. the transport protein will move the pyruvates to the mitochondria (mitochondrial matrix ). there needs to be a presence of O2 for transportation (there will be o2 in the process but not directly to the bridge).

25
Q

step 2 of the bridge

A

the carboxyl group will be taken of the pyruvate and the co2 will be a waste product

26
Q

step 3 of the bridge

A

whats left of the pyruvate will be oxidized and the electrons will flow to the NAD+ and reduce it to NADH and which will be saved for later

27
Q

step 4 of the bridge

A

what is then left is a 2 carbon molecule which is called the acetyl group and an enzyme will attach to it called coenzyme a and the final product of the bridge and this reaction is Acetyl Coa

28
Q

how many acetyl Coa’s do we end up with and why

A

1 pyruvate-1 acetyl Coa but there are 2 pyruvates so we will get 2 acetyl Coa

29
Q

aerobic

A

uses o2

30
Q

anarobic

A

no o2

31
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6+O2——>Co2+H2O+ATP

32
Q

net output of the bridge

A

For every 1 glucose( from glycolysis)——>2 co2,2NADH,2 acetyl coa

33
Q

how does both pyruvates go through the bridge

A

(from glycolysis) 6c splits 3c Pyruvates molecules. (the bridge) each of the 2 pyruvates go through the bridge (as 1 pyruvate goes through the bridge it will lose on Co2)

34
Q

Phase 3 of cellular respiration is

A

the krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle)

35
Q

The kreb cycle is in ____ and needs ______

A

the kreb cycle is in the mitochondria and needs oxygen

36
Q

1st step of the krebs cycle

A

Acetyl CoA is the product of the bridge and is the reactant of the krebs cycle. The Acetyl CoA goes into the citric acid cycle and 2 co2 comes out.

37
Q

2nd step of the krebs cycle

A

3 NAD+ is reduced to NADH

38
Q

3rd step of krebs cycle

A

ADP gets phosphorylated and becomes ATP and FAD gets reduced to FADH2

39
Q

What are the outputs For every 1 turn of the krebs cycle (or for every acetyl coA that goes into the cycle )

A

2 Co2
3 NADH
1 ATP (made by phosphate level phosphorylation)
1 FADH2

40
Q

Net output for 1 glucose (for 2 Acetyl CoA)

A

4 co2—–> waste
6 NADH (saved for later)
2 FADH (saved for later)
2 ATP ( Can be used right away for cellular work)

41
Q

Kreb happens in what part of the mitochondria

A

matrix

42
Q

Phase 4 of cellular resperation

A

-Oxidative phosphorylation
-ETC (electric transport chain)
-chemosmosis

43
Q

Where is the ETC

A

it is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria where a series of proteins are embedded in it

44
Q

what delivers the Electrons to the ETC

A

NADH and FADH2

45
Q

what happens in the ETC

A

electrons will bounce downhill and will release bits of energy (this is a series of exergonic reactions)

46
Q

what happens at the end of the ETC

A

there is a o2 at the end of the multi protein complex it is the final electron acceptor

47
Q

why is water made at the end of etc

A

with all the electrons in the o2 hydrogen is added to the o2 making water and the water is a waste product

48
Q

while the electrons are going downhill what is also happening

A

there is a gradient pumping protons out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (concentration gradient)

49
Q

what happens in ATP synthase

A

protons will flow through the enzyme ATP synthase which makes the membrane spin and catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP. ATP synthase crates a lot of ATP

50
Q

ATP synthase creates

A

34 ATPS

51
Q

chemiosmosis

A

is ATP synthase

52
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation recycles what

A

FADH2—–>FAD
NADH—–>NAD+

53
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

when there isn’t any o2 present only glycolysis occurs

54
Q

After glycolysis Alcohol fermentation

A

carboxyl group will be taken off of pyruvate and co2 will be released ACETALDEHYDE is created

55
Q

How is ethanol ( ethyl alcohol ) created (step 2 of alcohol fermentation)

A

2 electrons from 2 NADH and 2 hydrogen protons are added to acetaldehyde and the NADH recycled to 2 NAD+ and

56
Q

ethanol is a

A

waste product

57
Q

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION

A

glycolysis the same the hydrogen and electrons from NADH is added to pyruvate to create lactate

58
Q

LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION happens in the

A

muscles this acid will burn because all the energy was used at once

Ap biology Cellular respiration and Photosynthesis (5 decks)

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