Ap biology cellular respiration and photosynthesis Flashcards
how is photosynthesis in chloroplast related
The products of photosynthesis ( the first energy conversion happens in the photosynthesis) helps start cellular respiration
products of cellular respiration is
CO2 and H2O
Products of photosynthesis
organic molecules and O2
ATP powers most
cellular work and what is released becomes heat energy
How many phases are there to cellular resperation
4
what are the phases to cellular resperation
- Glycolysis
2.Bridge - Krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle)
- Oxidative phsophorolysation
glycolysis is
“sugar splitting” the process by which cells convert the energy in food into the energy of ATP
What are the 3 main steps of Glycolysis
1.Investment phase
2. energy investment phase broken into 2 steps for making it easier for me personally
-“cleavage”
- energy harvest
how many ATP is invested in glycolysis
2 ATP
glycolysis happens in the
cytosol (in cytoplasm)
does glycolysis need oxygen
no
energy pay off in glycolysis
4 ATP
In glycolysis electrons are added to NAD+ and reduces it to
NADH
What is produced in glycolosis
2 net ATP
2 pyruvates
2 H2O ( is a waste product )
2 NADH
the 2 NADH produced in Glycolysis is
Stored for later
Glycolysis energy investment phase step 1
once glucose enters glycolysis it gets phosphorylated and turns into a 6c glucose
Glycolysis energy investment phase step 2
with help from an enzyme the 6c glucose breaks down into 2, 3c glucose which is called G3P
Glycolysis energy payoff phase step 1
G3P then is oxidized and transfer electrons and hydrogens to NAD+ which creates NADH
Substrate level phosphorylation
when phosphate group of a substrate is transferred to the ADP to make ATP
Glycolysis energy Payoff phase Step 2
another enzyme will then rearrange G3P to enable the molecule to power 2 substrate level phosphorylation to create ADP to ATP
Glycolysis energy Payoff phase Step 3
this G3P will then become 2 pyruvates which has loads of energy that will be used for later
phase 2 is
the bridge
Bridge extremely simplified
“pyruvate oxidation”——-> formation of Acetyl Coa
step 1 of the bridge
the pyruvates will be transported/diffused with the transport protein. the transport protein will move the pyruvates to the mitochondria (mitochondrial matrix ). there needs to be a presence of O2 for transportation (there will be o2 in the process but not directly to the bridge).
step 2 of the bridge
the carboxyl group will be taken of the pyruvate and the co2 will be a waste product
step 3 of the bridge
whats left of the pyruvate will be oxidized and the electrons will flow to the NAD+ and reduce it to NADH and which will be saved for later
step 4 of the bridge
what is then left is a 2 carbon molecule which is called the acetyl group and an enzyme will attach to it called coenzyme a and the final product of the bridge and this reaction is Acetyl Coa
how many acetyl Coa’s do we end up with and why
1 pyruvate-1 acetyl Coa but there are 2 pyruvates so we will get 2 acetyl Coa
aerobic
uses o2
anarobic
no o2
cellular respiration formula
C6H12O6+O2——>Co2+H2O+ATP
net output of the bridge
For every 1 glucose( from glycolysis)——>2 co2,2NADH,2 acetyl coa
how does both pyruvates go through the bridge
(from glycolysis) 6c splits 3c Pyruvates molecules. (the bridge) each of the 2 pyruvates go through the bridge (as 1 pyruvate goes through the bridge it will lose on Co2)
Phase 3 of cellular respiration is
the krebs cycle ( citric acid cycle)
The kreb cycle is in ____ and needs ______
the kreb cycle is in the mitochondria and needs oxygen
1st step of the krebs cycle
Acetyl CoA is the product of the bridge and is the reactant of the krebs cycle. The Acetyl CoA goes into the citric acid cycle and 2 co2 comes out.
2nd step of the krebs cycle
3 NAD+ is reduced to NADH
3rd step of krebs cycle
ADP gets phosphorylated and becomes ATP and FAD gets reduced to FADH2
What are the outputs For every 1 turn of the krebs cycle (or for every acetyl coA that goes into the cycle )
2 Co2
3 NADH
1 ATP (made by phosphate level phosphorylation)
1 FADH2
Net output for 1 glucose (for 2 Acetyl CoA)
4 co2—–> waste
6 NADH (saved for later)
2 FADH (saved for later)
2 ATP ( Can be used right away for cellular work)
Kreb happens in what part of the mitochondria
matrix
Phase 4 of cellular resperation
-Oxidative phosphorylation
-ETC (electric transport chain)
-chemosmosis
Where is the ETC
it is in the inner membrane of the mitochondria where a series of proteins are embedded in it
what delivers the Electrons to the ETC
NADH and FADH2
what happens in the ETC
electrons will bounce downhill and will release bits of energy (this is a series of exergonic reactions)
what happens at the end of the ETC
there is a o2 at the end of the multi protein complex it is the final electron acceptor
why is water made at the end of etc
with all the electrons in the o2 hydrogen is added to the o2 making water and the water is a waste product
while the electrons are going downhill what is also happening
there is a gradient pumping protons out from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (concentration gradient)
what happens in ATP synthase
protons will flow through the enzyme ATP synthase which makes the membrane spin and catalyze the conversion of ADP to ATP. ATP synthase crates a lot of ATP
ATP synthase creates
34 ATPS
chemiosmosis
is ATP synthase
Oxidative phosphorylation recycles what
FADH2—–>FAD
NADH—–>NAD+
Alcohol fermentation
when there isn’t any o2 present only glycolysis occurs
After glycolysis Alcohol fermentation
carboxyl group will be taken off of pyruvate and co2 will be released ACETALDEHYDE is created
How is ethanol ( ethyl alcohol ) created (step 2 of alcohol fermentation)
2 electrons from 2 NADH and 2 hydrogen protons are added to acetaldehyde and the NADH recycled to 2 NAD+ and
ethanol is a
waste product
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION
glycolysis the same the hydrogen and electrons from NADH is added to pyruvate to create lactate
LACTIC ACID FERMENTATION happens in the
muscles this acid will burn because all the energy was used at once
