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NURS 324 Pathophysiology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process through which cells become specialized ?

A

Differentiation and Maturation

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2
Q

What are the eight specialized cellular functions?

A

movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption,

secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication.

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3
Q

The eukaryotic cell consists of what three general components ?

A

the plasma membrane, the

cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles

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4
Q

What is the largest membrane bound organelle and what is its main functions?

A

The nucleus is the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell’s
center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.

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5
Q

What fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm, or the cytoplasmic matrix, is an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

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6
Q

Where are organelles within the cell ?

A

The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm and are enclosed in biologic membranes.

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7
Q

What is the name of the organelle that is a network of tubular channels ? What does it do ?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend
throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of
protein and lipid components of most of the organelles.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi Complex ?

A

The Golgi complex is a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus.
The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory
vesicles that break away from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane

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9
Q

These organelles contain digestive like enzymes …..

A

Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars)

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10
Q

Cellular injury leads to the release of

A

lysosomal enzymes, causing cellular self-digestion

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11
Q

Peroxisomes contain several enzymes that produce or use what substance?

A

Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but contain several enzymes that either produce or use
hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

This is the organelles that contains the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Most of the cells ATP are generated by ……………..

A

The enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron-transport chain), found in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria.

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14
Q

What is considered the bone and muscle of the cell ?

A

The cytoskeleton

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15
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of ?

A

network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).

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16
Q

What encloses the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

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17
Q

Which part of the cell exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways ?

A

The plasma membrane as it controls the movement of substances across it

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18
Q

What are the major workhorses of the cell ?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

Where are proteins synthesized within the cell ?

A

In the ribosome

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20
Q

What is trafficking ?

A

The transportation of proteins to different locations within the cell

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21
Q

_______________ proteins are emerging as an important cause of disease.

A

Misfolded

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22
Q

What is protein regulation within the cell called ? What is it defined by ?

A

Protein homeostasis; defined by the proteostasis network

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23
Q

What is the proteostasis network composed of ?

A

This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and proteins

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24
Q

___________________ contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to membrane
proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids)

A

Carbohydrates

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25
What enables the cell to to interact with other cells and extracellular substances ?
Protein receptors (recognition units) on the plasma membrane
26
Membrane function are largely defined by __________________ and include these functions.....
Proteins; recognition | by protein receptors and transport of substances into and out of the cell.
27
What allows the formation of tissues and organs ?
Cell to cell adhesions
28
What are the three different means by which cells are held together ?
(1) the extracellular membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane, and (3) specialized cell junctions.
29
What is the function of the extracellular matrix ?
Cell growth, movement and differentiation
30
The extracellular matrix includes these 3 groups of macromolecules
(1) fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid.
31
The basement membrane is also called the _____________
basal lamina
32
What is the basement membrane?
a tough layer of extracellular matrix underlying the epithelium of many organs
33
Cell junctions can be classified as
symmetric and asymmetric.
34
Symmetric junctions include
tight junctions, the belt desmosome, desmosomes, and gap junctions.
35
Example of asymmetric junction
the hemidesmosome
36
What are three ways in which cells communicate ?
(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2) they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
37
Primary modes of intercellular signaling include
contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal, | neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
38
What is signal transduction?
involves signals or instructions from extracellular chemical messengers that are conveyed to the cell’s interior for execution
39
What happens to cells if If deprived of appropriate signals?
cells undergo a form of cell suicide known as programmed cell death or apoptosis.
40
What is apoptosis ?
Programmed cell death
41
Cellular metabolism is
the chemical tasks of maintaining cellular functions
42
What is the energy using process of metabolism called ?
Anabolism
43
What is the energy releasing process of metabolism called ?
Catabolism
44
This compound is fuel for cell survival and functions as an energy transferring molecule.
ATP
45
Energy is stored by molecules of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, which, when catabolized, transfers energy to __________________
ATP
46
What is oxidative phosphorylation ?
occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the | energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
47
What does cell survival and growth depend on ?
the constant exchange of molecules with their | environment
48
The two main classes of membrane transport proteins are ____________________ and __________________
transporters; channels
49
The majority of molecular transfer depends on specialized membrane _________________
transport proteins
50
____________ and small, electrically uncharged molecules move through pores in the plasma membrane’s lipid bilayer in the process called _____________________
water; passive transport
51
Does passive transport require the expenditure of energy ?
No ; rather, it is driven by the | physical effect of osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion.
52
Active transport moves what kind of molecules into the cell ?
Larger molecules and molecular complexes are moved into the cell by active transport, which requires the cell to expend energy (by means of ATP).
53
The largest molecules
macromolecules
54
How are macromolecules transported into and out of the cell ?
Through endocytosis (ingestion) and exocytosis (expulsion)
55
What happens in endocytosis ?
Endocytosis, or vesicle formation, is when the substance to be transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane, forming a vesicle that moves into the cell.
56
What is pinocytosis ?
type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested through formation of small vesicles.
57
What is phagocytosis ?
. Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which large particles, such as bacteria, are ingested through formation of large vesicles, called vacuoles.
58
What are the areas referred to as coated pits ?
In receptor-mediated endocytosis, the plasma membrane receptors are clustered, along with bristlelike structures, in specialized areas called coated pits
59
When does endocytosis occur ?
Endocytosis occurs when coated pits invaginate, internalizing ligand-receptor complexes in coated vesicles.
60
Once ingested through endocytosis, what happens to the ingested substance ?
lysosomal enzymes process and digest material ingested by endocytosis.
61
What are the two types of solutes that exist in body fluids ?
electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.
62
Difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes .......................
Electrolytes are electrically charged and dissociate into constituent ions when placed in solution. Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate when placed in solution.
63
What is diffusion ?
the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower solute concentration
64
What is filtration ?
the measurement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater pushing pressure.
65
What is hydrostatic pressure ?
the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes
66
What is osmosis ?
the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
67
The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water is called
osmotic pressure of solution
68
The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins, is called
colloid osmotic pressure
69
All body cells are electrically polarized. True or false
True All body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside of the cell more negatively charged than the outside.
70
WHat is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell?
the inside of the cell is more negatively charged | than the outside.
71
This refers to the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane
the resting | membrane potential.
72
What happens when an excitable (nerve or muscle) cell receives an electrochemical stimulus?
cations enter the cell and cause a rapid change in the resting membrane potential known as the action potential
73
how do electrochemical signals convey information from cell to cell?
The action potential “moves” along the cell’s plasma membrane and is transmitted to an adjacent cell.
74
Cellular reproduction in body tissues involves ____________ (nuclear division) and ________________ (cytoplasmic division).
mitosis; cytokinesis
75
During what stage of cellular life does cell maturation occur ?
Interphase
76
Only what kind of cells are capable of division ?
Mature cells
77
The ______________ is the reproductive process that begins after interphase in all tissues with cellular turnover.
cell cycle
78
What are the four phases of the cell cycle ?
(1) the S phase, during which DNA synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; (2) the G2 phase, the period between the completion of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); (3) the M phase, which involves both nuclear (mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; and (4) the G1 phase (growth phase), after which the cycle begins again.
79
What are the four stages of the M phase ?
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
80
The mechanisms that control cellular division depend on the integrity of what factors ?
genetic, epigenetic, | and protein growth factors.
81
Cells of one or more types are organized into _________________________ and different types of ___________________ compose _________________
tissues; tissues; organs
82
Organs are organized into
systems or tracts
83
Three key factors that maintain the cellular organization of tissues are
(1) recognition and | cell communication, (2) selective cell-to-cell adhesion, and (3) memory.
84
Fully specialized or terminally differentiated cells that are lost are generated from proliferating ___________________ cells and they, in turn, have been derived from a smaller number of ________________
precursor; stem cells
85
What are stem cells ??
Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types during early development and growth. In many tissues, stem cells serve as an internal repair and maintenance system dividing indefinitely. These cells can maintain themselves over very long periods of time, called self-renewal, and can generate all the differentiated cell types of the tissue or multipotency.
86
Tissue cells are linked at
cell junctions
87
What are cell junctions ?
specialized regions on their plasma membranes. Cell junctions attach adjacent cells and allow small molecules to pass between them
88
what are the four basic types of tissue ?
epithelial, muscle, nerve, and connective tissues.
89
Neural tissue is composed of
highly specialized cells called neurons that receive and transmit electrical impulses rapidly across junctions called synapses.
90
What tissue type covers most internal and external surfaces of the body? What are its functions ?
Epithelial tissue ; The functions of | epithelial tissue include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion
91
What does connective tissue do ?
binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients.
92
What are myocytes ?
These are the long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers of muscle tissue
93
Muscle tissue that is attached to bones enables __________________ Muscle tissue in internal organs enable _________________, such as the heartbeat.
voluntary movement; involuntary movement
94
Goal to strive for ..................
To be the best nurse I can be by striving to care for others in a holistic way. I want to be a great nurse

NURS 324 Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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