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NURS 324 Pathophysiology > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the process through which cells become specialized ?

A

Differentiation and Maturation

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2
Q

What are the eight specialized cellular functions?

A

movement, conductivity, metabolic absorption,

secretion, excretion, respiration, reproduction, and communication.

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3
Q

The eukaryotic cell consists of what three general components ?

A

the plasma membrane, the

cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles

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4
Q

What is the largest membrane bound organelle and what is its main functions?

A

The nucleus is the largest membrane-bound organelle and is found usually in the cell’s
center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell division and control of genetic information.

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5
Q

What fills the space between the nucleus and the plasma membrane?

A

Cytoplasm, or the cytoplasmic matrix, is an aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space
between the nucleus and the plasma membrane.

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6
Q

Where are organelles within the cell ?

A

The organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm and are enclosed in biologic membranes.

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7
Q

What is the name of the organelle that is a network of tubular channels ? What does it do ?

A

The endoplasmic reticulum is a network of tubular channels (cisternae) that extend
throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in the synthesis and transport of
protein and lipid components of most of the organelles.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of the Golgi Complex ?

A

The Golgi complex is a network of smooth membranes and vesicles located near the nucleus.
The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and packaging proteins into secretory
vesicles that break away from the Golgi complex and migrate to a variety of intracellular and
extracellular destinations, including the plasma membrane

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9
Q

These organelles contain digestive like enzymes …..

A

Lysosomes are saclike structures that originate from the Golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most cellular substances to their basic
form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates (sugars)

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10
Q

Cellular injury leads to the release of

A

lysosomal enzymes, causing cellular self-digestion

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11
Q

Peroxisomes contain several enzymes that produce or use what substance?

A

Peroxisomes are similar to lysosomes but contain several enzymes that either produce or use
hydrogen peroxide

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12
Q

This is the organelles that contains the metabolic machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism

A

Mitochondria

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13
Q

Most of the cells ATP are generated by ……………..

A

The enzymes of the respiratory chain (electron-transport chain), found in the inner membrane
of the mitochondria.

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14
Q

What is considered the bone and muscle of the cell ?

A

The cytoskeleton

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15
Q

What is the cytoskeleton composed of ?

A

network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments (microfilaments).

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16
Q

What encloses the cell?

A

The plasma membrane

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17
Q

Which part of the cell exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways ?

A

The plasma membrane as it controls the movement of substances across it

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18
Q

What are the major workhorses of the cell ?

A

Proteins

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19
Q

Where are proteins synthesized within the cell ?

A

In the ribosome

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20
Q

What is trafficking ?

A

The transportation of proteins to different locations within the cell

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21
Q

_______________ proteins are emerging as an important cause of disease.

A

Misfolded

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22
Q

What is protein regulation within the cell called ? What is it defined by ?

A

Protein homeostasis; defined by the proteostasis network

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23
Q

What is the proteostasis network composed of ?

A

This network is composed of ribosomes (makers), chaperones (helpers), and proteins

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24
Q

___________________ contained within the plasma membrane are generally bound to membrane
proteins (glycoproteins) and lipids (glycolipids)

A

Carbohydrates

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25
Q

What enables the cell to to interact with other cells and extracellular substances ?

A

Protein receptors (recognition units) on the plasma membrane

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26
Q

Membrane function are largely defined by __________________ and include these functions…..

A

Proteins; recognition

by protein receptors and transport of substances into and out of the cell.

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27
Q

What allows the formation of tissues and organs ?

A

Cell to cell adhesions

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28
Q

What are the three different means by which cells are held together ?

A

(1) the extracellular
membrane, (2) cell adhesion molecules in the cell’s plasma membrane, and (3) specialized
cell junctions.

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29
Q

What is the function of the extracellular matrix ?

A

Cell growth, movement and differentiation

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30
Q

The extracellular matrix includes these 3 groups of macromolecules

A

(1) fibrous structural
proteins (collagen and elastin), (2) adhesive glycoproteins, and (3) proteoglycans and
hyaluronic acid.

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31
Q

The basement membrane is also called the _____________

A

basal lamina

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32
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

a tough layer of extracellular matrix underlying the epithelium of
many organs

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33
Q

Cell junctions can be classified as

A

symmetric and asymmetric.

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34
Q

Symmetric junctions include

A

tight junctions, the belt desmosome, desmosomes, and gap junctions.

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35
Q

Example of asymmetric junction

A

the hemidesmosome

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36
Q

What are three ways in which cells communicate ?

A

(1) they form protein channels (gap junctions); (2)
they display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact; and (3) they use receptor proteins inside the target cell.

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37
Q

Primary modes of intercellular signaling include

A

contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,

neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.

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38
Q

What is signal transduction?

A

involves signals or instructions from extracellular chemical messengers
that are conveyed to the cell’s interior for execution

39
Q

What happens to cells if If deprived of appropriate signals?

A

cells undergo a form of cell suicide known as programmed cell death or apoptosis.

40
Q

What is apoptosis ?

A

Programmed cell death

41
Q

Cellular metabolism is

A

the chemical tasks of maintaining cellular functions

42
Q

What is the energy using process of metabolism called ?

A

Anabolism

43
Q

What is the energy releasing process of metabolism called ?

A

Catabolism

44
Q

This compound is fuel for cell survival and functions as an energy transferring molecule.

A

ATP

45
Q

Energy is stored by molecules of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein, which, when
catabolized, transfers energy to __________________

A

ATP

46
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation ?

A

occurs in the mitochondria and is the mechanism by which the

energy produced from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.

47
Q

What does cell survival and growth depend on ?

A

the constant exchange of molecules with their

environment

48
Q

The two main classes of membrane transport proteins are ____________________ and __________________

A

transporters; channels

49
Q

The majority of molecular transfer depends on specialized membrane _________________

A

transport proteins

50
Q

____________ and small, electrically uncharged molecules move through pores in the plasma
membrane’s lipid bilayer in the process called _____________________

A

water; passive transport

51
Q

Does passive transport require the expenditure of energy ?

A

No ; rather, it is driven by the

physical effect of osmosis, hydrostatic pressure, and diffusion.

52
Q

Active transport moves what kind of molecules into the cell ?

A

Larger molecules and molecular complexes are moved into the cell by active transport,
which requires the cell to expend energy (by means of ATP).

53
Q

The largest molecules

A

macromolecules

54
Q

How are macromolecules transported into and out of the cell ?

A

Through endocytosis (ingestion) and exocytosis (expulsion)

55
Q

What happens in endocytosis ?

A

Endocytosis, or vesicle formation, is
when the substance to be transported is engulfed by a segment of the plasma membrane,
forming a vesicle that moves into the cell.

56
Q

What is pinocytosis ?

A

type of endocytosis in which fluids and solute molecules are ingested
through formation of small vesicles.

57
Q

What is phagocytosis ?

A

. Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which large particles, such as bacteria, are ingested
through formation of large vesicles, called vacuoles.

58
Q

What are the areas referred to as coated pits ?

A

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, the plasma membrane receptors are clustered, along with
bristlelike structures, in specialized areas called coated pits

59
Q

When does endocytosis occur ?

A

Endocytosis occurs when coated pits invaginate, internalizing ligand-receptor complexes in
coated vesicles.

60
Q

Once ingested through endocytosis, what happens to the ingested substance ?

A

lysosomal enzymes process and digest material ingested by endocytosis.

61
Q

What are the two types of solutes that exist in body fluids ?

A

electrolytes and nonelectrolytes.

62
Q

Difference between electrolytes and nonelectrolytes …………………..

A

Electrolytes are
electrically charged and dissociate into constituent ions when placed in solution.
Nonelectrolytes do not dissociate when placed in solution.

63
Q

What is diffusion ?

A

the passive movement of a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to
an area of lower solute concentration

64
Q

What is filtration ?

A

the measurement of water and solutes through a membrane because of a greater
pushing pressure.

65
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure ?

A

the mechanical force of water pushing against cellular membranes

66
Q

What is osmosis ?

A

the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of
lower solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.

67
Q

The amount of hydrostatic pressure required to oppose the osmotic movement of water is
called

A

osmotic pressure of solution

68
Q

The overall osmotic effect of colloids, such as plasma proteins, is called

A

colloid osmotic pressure

69
Q

All body cells are electrically polarized. True or false

A

True
All body cells are electrically polarized, with the inside of the cell more negatively charged
than the outside.

70
Q

WHat is the difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of the cell?

A

the inside of the cell is more negatively charged

than the outside.

71
Q

This refers to the difference in voltage across the plasma membrane

A

the resting

membrane potential.

72
Q

What happens when an excitable (nerve or muscle) cell receives an electrochemical stimulus?

A

cations enter the cell and cause a rapid change in the resting membrane potential known as the action
potential

73
Q

how do electrochemical signals convey information from cell to cell?

A

The action potential “moves” along the cell’s plasma membrane and is transmitted
to an adjacent cell.

74
Q

Cellular reproduction in body tissues involves ____________ (nuclear division) and ________________
(cytoplasmic division).

A

mitosis; cytokinesis

75
Q

During what stage of cellular life does cell maturation occur ?

A

Interphase

76
Q

Only what kind of cells are capable of division ?

A

Mature cells

77
Q

The ______________ is the reproductive process that begins after interphase in all tissues with
cellular turnover.

A

cell cycle

78
Q

What are the four phases of the cell cycle ?

A

(1) the S phase, during which DNA
synthesis takes place in the cell nucleus; (2) the G2 phase, the period between the completion
of DNA synthesis and the next phase (M); (3) the M phase, which involves both nuclear
(mitotic) and cytoplasmic (cytokinetic) division; and (4) the G1 phase (growth phase), after
which the cycle begins again.

79
Q

What are the four stages of the M phase ?

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

80
Q

The mechanisms that control cellular division depend on the integrity of what factors ?

A

genetic, epigenetic,

and protein growth factors.

81
Q

Cells of one or more types are organized into _________________________ and different types of ___________________ compose _________________

A

tissues; tissues; organs

82
Q

Organs are organized into

A

systems or tracts

83
Q

Three key factors that maintain the cellular organization of tissues are

A

(1) recognition and

cell communication, (2) selective cell-to-cell adhesion, and (3) memory.

84
Q

Fully specialized or terminally differentiated cells that are lost are generated from
proliferating ___________________ cells and they, in turn, have been derived from a smaller number of
________________

A

precursor; stem cells

85
Q

What are stem cells ??

A

Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different cell types
during early development and growth. In many tissues, stem cells serve as an internal repair
and maintenance system dividing indefinitely. These cells can maintain themselves over very
long periods of time, called self-renewal, and can generate all the differentiated cell types of
the tissue or multipotency.

86
Q

Tissue cells are linked at

A

cell junctions

87
Q

What are cell junctions ?

A

specialized regions on their plasma
membranes. Cell junctions attach adjacent cells and allow small molecules to pass between
them

88
Q

what are the four basic types of tissue ?

A

epithelial, muscle, nerve, and connective tissues.

89
Q

Neural tissue is composed of

A

highly specialized cells called neurons that receive and transmit
electrical impulses rapidly across junctions called synapses.

90
Q

What tissue type covers most internal and external surfaces of the body? What are its functions ?

A

Epithelial tissue ; The functions of

epithelial tissue include protection, absorption, secretion, and excretion

91
Q

What does connective tissue do ?

A

binds various tissues and organs together, supporting them in their
locations and serving as storage sites for excess nutrients.

92
Q

What are myocytes ?

A

These are the long, thin, highly contractile cells or fibers of muscle tissue

93
Q

Muscle tissue that is attached to bones enables __________________ Muscle tissue in internal
organs enable _________________, such as the heartbeat.

A

voluntary movement; involuntary movement

94
Q

Goal to strive for ………………

A

To be the best nurse I can be by striving to care for others in a holistic way. I want to be a great nurse

NURS 324 Pathophysiology (6 decks)

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