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BIOLOGY > Cellular Biology > Flashcards

Cellular Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A 
Prokaryotes
DNA is found on the nucleoid region
NO nucleus
Smaller in size
no organelles
Eukaryotes
DNA found in the nucleus
has nucleus
Bigger in size
has membrane bound organelles
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2
Q

Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

Both have cell membrane
both have cytosol
both have ribosomes
both have chromosome

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3
Q

has all the DNA and genetic materials
site of cellular processes
command center of the cell

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

protein synthesis

A

Ribosome

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5
Q

where can you find free ribosome

A

Cytosol

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6
Q

bound ribosomes are found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

False - rER

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7
Q

lipid synthesis; metabolism of carbohydrates; detoxify drugs and poison

A

Smooth ER

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8
Q

Why is the smooth ER smooth

A

Because walang ribosomes sa sER

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9
Q

protein synthesis; repairs the plasma membrane by sending phospholipids and proteins thru vesicles

A

Rough ER

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10
Q

modify, stores and send proteins to its destination

A

Golgi Apparatus

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11
Q

Cis-face transports protein

A

False - receives protein

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12
Q

What delivers proteins?

A

Trans-face

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13
Q

digests macromolecules and other by products of cellular processes thru hydrolytic enzymes

A

Lysosome

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14
Q

Lysosome binds to autophagosomes for autophagy

A

True

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15
Q

site of cellular respiration; produces ATP by extracting from sugar, carbs, and other energy sources using oxygen

A

Mitochondria

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16
Q

increases surface area for harvesting of energy

A

Cristae

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17
Q

site of photosynthesis; where solar energy transform into chemical energy

A

Chloroplast

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18
Q

sunlight triggers the formation of sugar and carbohydrates

A

True

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19
Q

chloroplast has a single membrane

A

False - double membraned

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20
Q

digestion of fatty acids; detoxifies alcohol and other harmful subs by transferring hydrogens of substrates to oxygen; produces H2O2

A

Peroxisomes

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21
Q

peroxisomes is bounded by a single membrane

A

True

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22
Q

maintains the shape and stability of cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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23
Q

serves as the traffic way of vesicles and organelles and is found all thru out the cell

A

Cytoskeleton

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24
Q

protect the plant cell

A

Cell Wall

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25
Q

maintains the shape and prevents excessive water uptake in plants

A

Cell Wall

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26
Q

Cell wall is made up of?

A

Cellulose

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27
Q

channel that links cell to cell communication; penetrates the cell wall

A

Plasmodesmata

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28
Q

make spindle fibers

A

Centrioles

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29
Q

where is centrioles found?

A

Centrosome

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30
Q

site of storage and breakdown of waste materials by hydrolysis

A

Central Vacuole

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31
Q

Central vacuole is the most prominent organelles in plant cells

A

True

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32
Q

Similarities of Plant cell and animal cells

A 
Both have:
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus
sER, rER
Ribosomes
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
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33
Q

accounts for almost 90% of the cell cycle

A

Interphase

34
Q

phase where cell grows by imbibing water and producing more proteins

A

G1 Phase

35
Q

DNA replicates

A

S phase

36
Q

cell grows further and check for errors that may be present in the duplicated DNA

A

G2 phase

37
Q

phase where cell undergoes meiosis or mitosis

A

M phase

38
Q

undergoes one division

A

Mitosis

39
Q

produces four genetically different cells from each other and from parent cell

A

Meiosis

40
Q

Mitosis occurs in sex cell and somatic cells

A

False - somatic cells lang

41
Q

Occurs in a specific time of our life

A

Meiosis

42
Q

Mitosis occurs throughout life cycle

A

True

43
Q

produces two genetically identical daughter cells

A

Mitosis

44
Q

occurs for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction

A

Mitosis

45
Q

the number of chromosome in mitosis is half as the parent cell

A

False - sa meiosis

46
Q

What cells do meiosis occur

A

sex cells and germ cells

47
Q

Mitosis undergoes how many cell division

A

one

48
Q

used for production of gametes, perpetuation of species, genetic diversity

A

meiosis

49
Q

Explain what happens in prophase in mitosis

A

Nucleus is intact
Chromosome is condensing
Centrosomes starts to go to different side of the pole, meron na din spindle fibers
Nagkakaroon na ng kinetichore and kinetichore microtubules sa centromere

50
Q

Prometaphase Mitosis

A

the centrosomes are on different poles na

chromosomes starts to go sa middle

51
Q

Metaphase Mitosis

A

Wala na nucleus

Kinetochore microtubules moves the chromosome in the metaphase plate

52
Q

Anaphase Mitosis

A

Anaphase A
kinetochore retracts so naghiwalay na sister chromatids then they move towards opposite poles

Anaphase B
Elongation of polar microtubules so nag separate na yung poles

53
Q

length of cell

A

10-30 micrometers

54
Q

Telophase Mitosis

A

Nuclear envelope forms after that meron na two nucleolus
Kinetochore disappears
polar microtubules elongation
chromosome decondense

55
Q

Cytokinesis

A

cleavage furrow

56
Q

The first cell division in meiosis is called

A

Reductional Meiosis

because yung # of chromosome ng daughter cells is half ng sa parents

57
Q

what separates in Meiosis I?

A

tetrads

58
Q

Second division is mitotic in nature

A

True because same lang number of chromosome

59
Q

Prophase I is the longest phase in meiosis I

A

True because meron 4 na sub process

60
Q

What are the 4 sub processes of prophase I

A 
Leptotene
Zygotene
Pachytene
Diplotene
Diakinesis
61
Q

What happens in leptotene

A

chromosome condense, so it becomes visible

62
Q

Zygotene

A

chromosome pairs up (synapsis)

63
Q

Pachytene

A

cross over of tetrads

64
Q

Diplotene

A

separation of pairs but cross over stays

65
Q

Diakinesis

A

maximum condensation of chromosome, nuclear envelope disperse, nucleolus disappears

66
Q

Spermatogenesis produces millions of sperms daily

A

True

67
Q

How many egg cell does oogenesis produce

A

one cell per cycle

68
Q

When does spermatogenesis and oogenesis starts

A

Sperm: Puberty
Egg: Fetal development

69
Q

Fertility of men

A

lifetime but decreases overtime

70
Q

Fertility of women

A

until menopause

71
Q

how many sperm cell does a parent cell produce

A

four

72
Q

how many egg cell does a parent cell produce

A

one only because the other three has no nucleus so they give their yolk sac to the most viable egg

73
Q

The egg cell goes how many cell cycle arrest?

A

Two

1st: Diplotene Prophase I, resumes when women hits puberty
2nd: Metaphase II, resumes when fertilization occurs

74
Q

C6H12O6

A

glucose

75
Q

Equation of cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O

76
Q

movement of electrons to different complex channel in the inner membrane

A

Electron transport chain

77
Q

there is a formation of water in the last complex channel “last electron acceptor” when electrons reacts with oxygen

A

True

78
Q

NADH and FADH starts with the 1st complex channel

A

False - NADH lang, FADH starts sa 2nd channel

79
Q

1 NADH =

A

2.5 ATP

80
Q

1 FADH =

A

1.5 ATP

81
Q

How many ATP is produced in glycolysis

A

32-38

BIOLOGY (6 decks)

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