Cellular Biology Flashcards
Difference of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Prokaryotes DNA is found on the nucleoid region NO nucleus Smaller in size no organelles
Eukaryotes DNA found in the nucleus has nucleus Bigger in size has membrane bound organelles
Similarities of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Both have cell membrane
both have cytosol
both have ribosomes
both have chromosome
has all the DNA and genetic materials
site of cellular processes
command center of the cell
Nucleus
protein synthesis
Ribosome
where can you find free ribosome
Cytosol
bound ribosomes are found in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
False - rER
lipid synthesis; metabolism of carbohydrates; detoxify drugs and poison
Smooth ER
Why is the smooth ER smooth
Because walang ribosomes sa sER
protein synthesis; repairs the plasma membrane by sending phospholipids and proteins thru vesicles
Rough ER
modify, stores and send proteins to its destination
Golgi Apparatus
Cis-face transports protein
False - receives protein
What delivers proteins?
Trans-face
digests macromolecules and other by products of cellular processes thru hydrolytic enzymes
Lysosome
Lysosome binds to autophagosomes for autophagy
True
site of cellular respiration; produces ATP by extracting from sugar, carbs, and other energy sources using oxygen
Mitochondria
increases surface area for harvesting of energy
Cristae
site of photosynthesis; where solar energy transform into chemical energy
Chloroplast
sunlight triggers the formation of sugar and carbohydrates
True
chloroplast has a single membrane
False - double membraned
digestion of fatty acids; detoxifies alcohol and other harmful subs by transferring hydrogens of substrates to oxygen; produces H2O2
Peroxisomes
peroxisomes is bounded by a single membrane
True
maintains the shape and stability of cell
Cytoskeleton
serves as the traffic way of vesicles and organelles and is found all thru out the cell
Cytoskeleton
protect the plant cell
Cell Wall
maintains the shape and prevents excessive water uptake in plants
Cell Wall
Cell wall is made up of?
Cellulose
channel that links cell to cell communication; penetrates the cell wall
Plasmodesmata
make spindle fibers
Centrioles
where is centrioles found?
Centrosome
site of storage and breakdown of waste materials by hydrolysis
Central Vacuole
Central vacuole is the most prominent organelles in plant cells
True
Similarities of Plant cell and animal cells
Both have: Mitochondria Golgi apparatus sER, rER Ribosomes Nucleus Cytoplasm
accounts for almost 90% of the cell cycle
Interphase
phase where cell grows by imbibing water and producing more proteins
G1 Phase
DNA replicates
S phase
cell grows further and check for errors that may be present in the duplicated DNA
G2 phase
phase where cell undergoes meiosis or mitosis
M phase
undergoes one division
Mitosis
produces four genetically different cells from each other and from parent cell
Meiosis
Mitosis occurs in sex cell and somatic cells
False - somatic cells lang
Occurs in a specific time of our life
Meiosis
Mitosis occurs throughout life cycle
True
produces two genetically identical daughter cells
Mitosis
occurs for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
Mitosis
the number of chromosome in mitosis is half as the parent cell
False - sa meiosis
What cells do meiosis occur
sex cells and germ cells
Mitosis undergoes how many cell division
one
used for production of gametes, perpetuation of species, genetic diversity
meiosis
Explain what happens in prophase in mitosis
Nucleus is intact
Chromosome is condensing
Centrosomes starts to go to different side of the pole, meron na din spindle fibers
Nagkakaroon na ng kinetichore and kinetichore microtubules sa centromere
Prometaphase Mitosis
the centrosomes are on different poles na
chromosomes starts to go sa middle
Metaphase Mitosis
Wala na nucleus
Kinetochore microtubules moves the chromosome in the metaphase plate
Anaphase Mitosis
Anaphase A
kinetochore retracts so naghiwalay na sister chromatids then they move towards opposite poles
Anaphase B
Elongation of polar microtubules so nag separate na yung poles
length of cell
10-30 micrometers
Telophase Mitosis
Nuclear envelope forms after that meron na two nucleolus
Kinetochore disappears
polar microtubules elongation
chromosome decondense
Cytokinesis
cleavage furrow
The first cell division in meiosis is called
Reductional Meiosis
because yung # of chromosome ng daughter cells is half ng sa parents
what separates in Meiosis I?
tetrads
Second division is mitotic in nature
True because same lang number of chromosome
Prophase I is the longest phase in meiosis I
True because meron 4 na sub process
What are the 4 sub processes of prophase I
Leptotene Zygotene Pachytene Diplotene Diakinesis
What happens in leptotene
chromosome condense, so it becomes visible
Zygotene
chromosome pairs up (synapsis)
Pachytene
cross over of tetrads
Diplotene
separation of pairs but cross over stays
Diakinesis
maximum condensation of chromosome, nuclear envelope disperse, nucleolus disappears
Spermatogenesis produces millions of sperms daily
True
How many egg cell does oogenesis produce
one cell per cycle
When does spermatogenesis and oogenesis starts
Sperm: Puberty
Egg: Fetal development
Fertility of men
lifetime but decreases overtime
Fertility of women
until menopause
how many sperm cell does a parent cell produce
four
how many egg cell does a parent cell produce
one only because the other three has no nucleus so they give their yolk sac to the most viable egg
The egg cell goes how many cell cycle arrest?
Two
1st: Diplotene Prophase I, resumes when women hits puberty
2nd: Metaphase II, resumes when fertilization occurs
C6H12O6
glucose
Equation of cellular respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O
movement of electrons to different complex channel in the inner membrane
Electron transport chain
there is a formation of water in the last complex channel “last electron acceptor” when electrons reacts with oxygen
True
NADH and FADH starts with the 1st complex channel
False - NADH lang, FADH starts sa 2nd channel
1 NADH =
2.5 ATP
1 FADH =
1.5 ATP
How many ATP is produced in glycolysis
32-38
