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Exam 1 > Cellular Biochemistry > Flashcards

Cellular Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A

study of the function as integrated systems of molecules, cells, tissues and organs

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2
Q

Homeostasis

A

organism’s ability to return to stable state among internal/external conditions

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3
Q

negative feedback

A

provides upper limit to system. most functions

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4
Q

sensor

A

monitoring enviromental condtions

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5
Q

Integrator

A

compare monitored parameter to set point

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6
Q

effector

A

makes adjustments to return to setpoint

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7
Q

Positive feedback

A

accelerates changes, rare & can cause instablity. Ex childbirth

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8
Q

Cells/Tissues

A

distinct in size, shape, composition, structures, and functional range

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9
Q

organs

A

group of cells/tissues to preform specific set of activities

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10
Q

System

A

set of organs working toward coomon functional purpose

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11
Q

Metabolism

A

sum of anabolic and catabolic processes

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12
Q

Proteins

A

Monomer: amino acids Polymer: proteins, polypeptides
linked by peptide bonds. Linear sequence det by folding & mRNA. carboxyl group, amino group, R group. functions: structural, catalyst, sensors, fuel

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13
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Monomer: nucleotides
Polymer: chains of nucleotides. Linked by phospodiester bonds, sugar base+ phosphate group + nitrogenous base.(3’: OH+5’)Functions: chemical messengers, energy storage, units of DNA

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14
Q

lipids

A

Monomer: fatty acid, glycerol
Polymer: Di- & tri- glycerides, phospolipids. Linked by ester bonds, low solubility. Function solubile membrane, structure, chemical messenger.

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15
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monomer: monosaccharides
Polymer: di-, oligo- polysaccharides. Linked by glycosidic bond. Carbon ring. Functions: energy storage, fuel, structure, cellular recognition

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16
Q

Similarities in Cells

A

Sense & respond to surrounding condition, store & acces info, generate and use chemical energy, interact w non-cellular parts

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17
Q

Differences in Cells

A

Size, shape, function, polarity, tissue adherence, reponse to stimuli, ablity to replicate, lifespan

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18
Q

Stem Cells

A

self renew unchanged or differentiate into different cells

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19
Q

Multipotency

A

capacity for cell to differentiate

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20
Q

Differentiate

A

can’t proliferate, can’t further differentiate

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21
Q

Senescence, apoptosis

A

cell death

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22
Q

Nucleus

A

Info storage and retrieval, surrounded by nuclear envelope. contains chromatin, has things for replication & transcription

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of energy metabolism. Krebs Cycle, oxidative phophorylation. Has own DNA

24
Q

Ribosomes

A

Protein synthesis. Contains RNA, site for translation

25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Synthesis Protein = rough
Syntheszie lipids= smooth
synthsizing, folding, midfication and transport

26
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Protein sorting, modification, export. Receives vesicles from ER w newly synthesized proteins

27
Q

Proteasome

A

Degradation of non-functional or mis-folded protein

28
Q

Lysosome

A

Degradation of internal & ingested material

29
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Defines cell boundary

30
Q

Simple Diffusion

A

passive transport. Dependent on solubility, charge, size, and gradient

31
Q

Facilitated Transport

A

Passive transport. Aided by transport protein, but still depend on gradient

32
Q

Active transport

A

uses energy from ATP hydrolysis

33
Q

Primary Active

A

Requires hydrolysis of ATP
ATP hydrolysis occurs during the transport event

34
Q

Secondary Active

A

Requires hydrolysis of ATP
transport is secondary to the establishment of the potential energy gradient

35
Q

Symporter

A

movement of material in the same direction

36
Q

Antiporter

A

movement of material in opposite direction

37
Q

Glycolysis

A

Cytoplasm. Net gain of 2 ATP, 2 NADH

38
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Mitochondria. 3 units NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

38
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

Mitochondria. 3 units NADH, 1 GTP, 1 FADH2

39
Q

Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane. Lots of ATP

40
Q

Ligands

A

usually soluble chemical signals w extracellular compounds

41
Q

Receptors

A

signals reside in plasma membrane

42
Q

Second Messengers

A

inside cell produced following ligand-receptors interactions. can quickly terminate cellular response

43
Q

Signal Transduction

A

cascade of protein phosphorylation reactions

44
Q

RNA polymerase

A

makes RNA polymer which is DNA template

45
Q

mRNA

A

formed from DNA template, directs synthesis of proteins

46
Q

Central Dogma

A

DNA -> RNA -> Protein

47
Q

Neuro/Musclular

A

acteylcholine

48
Q

Special Senses

A

Odorants

49
Q

Endocrine

A

Estrogen

50
Q

Cardiovascular

A

VEGF

51
Q

Respiratory

A

epinephrine

52
Q

Renal

A

ADH/vasopressin

53
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Ghrelin

Exam 1 (4 decks)

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