Cellular Bio Flashcards
cell membranes composition
phospholipids and proteins
phospholipid bilayer
lipid soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse
can cross cell membranes with NO TRANSPORTER and dissolve in hydrophobic lipid bilayer
O2, CO2, steroids, etc
water soluble substances ability to cross cell membranse
cannot dissolve in lipid of membrane but may cross through water filled channels/pores or be transported by carriers
Na, Cl, glucose, H2O, etc
where are integral proteins located
span the entire cell membrane; anchored through hydrophobic interactions with phospholipid bilayer
where are peripheral proteins located
on either intracellular or extracellular side of cell membrane
ex of integral proteins
ion channels, transport proteins
ex of peripheral proteins
hormone receptors
types of transport pathways
diffusion (high to low conc; passive)
- simple
- facilitated (carriers)
active transport (pumps)
what is the Na out/K in ratio for the Na-K ATPase transporter
3Na+ out, 2 K+ in
what are the types of intercellualr connections
tight junctions (zonula occludens) gap junctions
function of tight junctions vs gap junctions
tight junctions = intercellular pathway for solutes
gap = permit intercellular communication
for which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) is ATP required?
active
which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) can transport against gradient?
active
facilitated IF coupled
which of the cell membrane transport pathways (passive/diffusion, facilitated, active) are substrate specific?
facilitated
active
examples of active transport
Na+/K+ ATPase
H+/K+ ATPase
examples of facilitated transport
simple glucose carriers
examples of secondary active transport
Na+/glucose carriers
Na+/amino acid carriers
examples of passive transport/diffusion
water, electrolytes, O2
how do cells too large for diffusion/active transport pass through the cell membrane
endocytosis
does endocytosis require ATP
yes
types of endocytosis
cell eating
- pinocytosis: engulfing small aprticles and extracellular fluid in a vesicle
- phagocytosis: same as above but larger material (bacteria, cell, etc)
what is exocytosis
release of vesicle filled with formerly endocytotic material
ex: toxins, neurotransmitters, hormones
what is osmolarity
conc of osmotically active particles in a solution; how “thick” is the solution
drives osmotic flow/pressure
osmolarity formula
O = g x C
g = # particles in solution C = concentration
hyperosmolic areas suck water IN/OUT?
IN
voltage gated vs ligand gated ion channels
voltage gated: activated by change in membrane potential
ligand gated: activated by hormone or second messenger (NT)
ion channels are based on…
channel size and ion distribution
excitable membrane potential is based on..
balance between ions in ICF and ECF; changes in those ion conc create AP generation and cellular activation
ICF: LOT OF K, LOT OF MG
ECF: LOT OF NA, LOT OF CA, CL
ex of simple squamous epithelium tissues
loop of henle
pulmonary alveoli
ex of simple cuboidal epithelium tissues
ovarian surface covering
gland ducts
ex of simple columnar epithelium tissues
absorptive lining of digestive tract
large ducts
(can be ciliated or non-ciliated)
ex of pseudostratifid epithelium tissues
male urethra
large respiratory passages
pseudostratifid epithelium properties
several cell types
all contact basal lamina
not all reach lumen
ex of stratified epithelium tissues
vagina (nonkeratinized)
esophagus (nonkeratinized)
skin (keratinized)
stratified epithelium properties
trauma resistant
lower absorption
can be squamous, cuboidal, columnar, or transitional
types of connective tissue cells
mesenchymal cells
reticular cells
fibroblasts
macrophages ("histiocytes")
plasma cells
mast cells
leukocytes
fat cells (adipose)mesenchymal cells properties
perivascular locations
embryonic leftover cells
possibel precursors to adipose cells
reticular cells properties
framework for lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, and liver
primitive tissues like mesenchyme
fibroblasts properties
synthesize glycosaminoglycans
synthesize amorphous ground substance
collagen, reticular, elastic fiber formation
macrophages (histiocytes) properties
fixed and free (wanderign) types when stimulated > move via pseudopods phagocytosis togther form foreign body giant cells secrete enzymes
plasma cells properties
larger than lymphocytes
rare in connective tissue
common in: lymphoid tissue, GI lamina propria, sites of chronic inflammation
mast cells properties
common in CT in groups
contain granules: heparin (anticoagulant) histamine (bronchiole contraction, cap dilation, inc cap permability) serotonin (vasoconstrictive0 ECF-A (attracts eiosinophils) SRS-A (inc vascular permeability) Ag + IgE (degranulation)
leukocyte properties
transported in blood
major actions in extravascular spaces
lymphocytes and eosinophils most common leukocytes in CT
fat/adipose cells properties
white and brown types
nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles all pushed to edge by lipid droplets
types of CT fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
collagen fibers properties
in all CT types
formed from protein collagen
white and tough (i.e. tendon)
5 subtypes
elastic fibers properties
in loose fibrous CT
formed of albuminoid elastin
many in major blood vessel walls
reticular fiber properties
support network fibers
formed primarily of type III collagen
types of loose CT
reticular
areolar
adipose (white and brown)
reticular CT properties + location
primitive CT type
lots of reticular fibers
lymphoid tissue, bone marrow, liver
areolar CT properties + location
loose fibroelastic CT
everywhere
brown adipose CT properties + location
heat generation
mobilized by direct sympathetic adrenergic innvervation
more common kids + hibernating animals
adults retain some in neck, around abdom aorta, kidney
white adipose CT properties + location
rich vascular supply
deposits from 3 sources:
- fat cell + insulin + CHO = more fat
- fat cell + dietary fatty acids = more fat
- glucose in liver = triglycerides (VLDLs) > fat cells = more fat
withdrawls (loss):
- high blood glucose = low withdraws
- norepi stim lipases > inc fat mobilization
- insulin converts glucose > TAGs + into fat cells
most commonly subcutaneous tissue
may accumulate anywhere
types of dense CT
collagen and some elastin
dense irregular
dense regular
dense irregular CT locations
fascia
capsules: testes liver lymph nodes perioosteium (bone) perichondrium (cartilage)
dense regular CT locations
tendons
ligaments
aponeuroses
what is considered “specialized CT”
blood, bone, cartilage
RBC/erythrocyte properties/function
O2-Co2 transport no nucleus biconcave for inc SA formed from reticulocytes avg 33% hemoglobin
WBC/leukocyte properties/function
more active in CT > serum
cellular and humoral immunity
agranular: lymphocytes, monocytes
granular: neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
platelets properties/function
denose - core granules:
- serotonin
- ADP
- ATP
- calcium
alpha granules:
blood clotting factors
neutrophil attracting factors
types of cartilage
hyaline
elastic
fibrous
hyaline cartilage properties/location
covers articular surface of most joints
costal cartilage
nasal cartilage
most of fetal skeleton
elastic cartilage properties/location
like hyaline with more elastic fibers
areas which need support with flexibility: arytenoid cartilages, external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis
fibrous cartilage properties/location
tough, supportive cartilage
never occurs alone, always merges with hyaline
locations: glenoid labrum acetabular labrum SC and AC joints TMJ pubic symphysis intervertebral discs
composition of bone
inorganic salts (rigidity): Ca Phos, Ca Carbonate, Ca Fluoride, Mg Flouride
orrganic (strength and resilence): collagen fibers
periosteum properties
outer surface of compact bone (except articular surfaces)
type of CT
collagen and elastic fibers
sharpeys fibers anchor periosteum to bone
compact bone properties
haversian system (osteons)
diffusion potential
potential difference across a membrane bc of a conc difference of ions
what turns off the diffusion potential
equilibrium potential
more negative membrane =
polarized
moving potential away from negative
depolarization
types of neurotransmitters and their location
small molecule: rapid acting (Dopa, NE, GABA, glycine, glutamate, serotonin) - in CYTOSOL of presynaptic terminal
neuropeptide (large molecule) slow acting (ACTH, TSH) - in NEURONAL CELL BODY, by the ribosomes
NTs are released by
AP
adrenergic NT
epi/NE
adrenergic receptors
alpha 1
alpha 2
beta 1
beta 2
a1 receptor excitability/inhibition
tubular organs
generally excitatory in vascular (vasoconstriction), inc BP
GI inhibitory
a2 receptor excitability/inhibition
slow ANS (SNS emergency brake)
Dose b1 receptor excite or inhibit? Where are they located?
heart
excitatory
b2 receptor excitability/inhibition
lungs
inhibitory (vasodilation, bronchodilation)
