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Clinical Neuroscience > Cellular Anatomy + Neural Signaling > Flashcards

Cellular Anatomy + Neural Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Neurons =

A

excitable cells transmitting APs to neurons via synapse (=axon terminal, dendritic process of target cell, glial cell process)

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2
Q

Anatomy ~ neurons =

A

STABLE (no regeneration, no 1° neoplasia)

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3
Q

Gray Matter =

A

Unmyelinated Tissue (somas + dendrites)

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4
Q

White Matter =

A

Myelinated Tissue (somas + dendrites + white-l lipid in myelin)

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5
Q

Neurite =

A

process, such as dendrite or axon; # processes used to classify neuron

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6
Q

Multipolar Neurons: Define

A

most abundant neuron in CNS (pyramidal, Purkinje, motor) - Multiple dendrites branching from soma; single axon from axon hillock

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7
Q

Pseudounipolar Neurons: Define

A

sensory neurons in spinal ganglion - Single dendritic axon (sensory) to spinal cord, bypassing cell body (no processing)

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8
Q

Bipolar Neurons: Define

A

found in retina and olfactory epithelium

- Dendrite —> cell body (processing!) —> retina/olfactory epithelium

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9
Q

Axodendritic Synapse: Define

A

MC type; dendritic tree receives thousands of synapses = AP

Sum of signals depends on architecture of dendritic tree (Temperospatial Summation)

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10
Q

Axosomatic Synapses: Define

A

less common; ↑powerful signal b/c close to axon hillock

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11
Q

Axoaxonic Synapses: Define

A

↑powerful b/c close to axon hillock (↑/inhibit previous AP)

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12
Q

Dendrodendritic Synapse: Define

A

coordinated firing of neurons (phrenic nucleus neuron)

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13
Q

Principal Cells: Define

A

projection neurons b/c integrate info and send to other brain areas ~ long axon; aka Golgi Type I Cells

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14
Q

Interneuron: Define

A

local circuit neurons; local brain areas; Chandelier, basket, double bouqet cells ~ short/no axon; aka Golgi Type II

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15
Q

Glia (“Glue”) ~ what are they?

A

non-excitable (no AP generated); 50% of brain volume (10 glia/1 neuron)

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16
Q

Astroglia: fibrous (white matter), protoplasmic (gray matter), Muller Cells (retina)
Functions:

A

recycle/transfer neuroTx, ion homeostasis (via end-feet lining vessels of BBB), component of tripartite synapse

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17
Q

Oligodendroglia: Define

A

myelinating cells of CNS; wrap axons via cell processes = trophic support, protection, organize ion channels

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18
Q

Schwann Cells: Define

A

myelinating cells of PNS; one Schwann cell myelinates ONE axon (ONE internode)

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19
Q

Microglia: Define

A

monocyte/macrophage derived immune cells (phagocytose/APCs)

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20
Q

Polydendrocyte: Define

A

stem cells for both neurons + glial cells

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21
Q

Ependymal Cells: Define

A

ciliated/microvilli cuboid/columnar epithelium separates CSF from neuropil

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22
Q

Satellite Cell: Define

A

cuboidal cells from neural crest (modified Schwann/Oligo); act as ANS Astrocyte

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23
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Two Components:

A

a) Endothelium of Vessels: tight junc, ↓pinocytosis, BM

b) Astrocyte Processes (End-Feet): line vessel from neuropil side

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24
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)

Transport:

A

a) Diffusion: (passive) of lipophilic + gas + H2O

b) Active: all else

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25
Q

Nernst Equation: Used?

A

used to determine the equilibrium potential

Note the potential of K is negative because ions move in —> out

26
Q

Goldmann Equation:

A

estimates the resting membrane potential

27
Q

Action Potential Summary:

A

APs must be unidirectional (refractory), fast (↓capacitance/resistance), efficient (@ nodes only), simple (all/none)

28
Q

Electrical Synapses:

A

charge/ion move via connexon (gap junction)

  • 6 Connexins per cell —> connexon x 2 —> Gap Junction
  • RAPID (no delay), bidirectional, pre-/post cells must match - Areas where neurons req sync
29
Q

Chemical Synapse:

A

no charge/ion movement; neuroTx

30
Q

Chemical Synapse: - Excitatory =

A

Gray’s Type I / asymmetric (post-syn density)

31
Q

Chemical Synapse: - Inhibitory =

A

Gray’s Type II / symmetric (pre/post = density)

- DELAYED (Δsignal), unidirectional

32
Q

Excititory Post-synaptic potential (EPSP): caused by?

A
  • Na Channel —> generates EPSP brining membrane potential closer to threshold (adds + into cell)
33
Q

Inhibitory Post-synaptic Potential (IPSP): caused by?

A
  • Cl Channel —> generates IPSP taking membrane potential away from threshold (adds - into cell)
34
Q

NMJ:

A

anatomically specialized end plate for ↑safety/quanta via ↑release sites, ↑quantal content, ↑receptors

35
Q

CNS (Central Synapses):

A

much simpler synapse, but more diverse neuroTx; ↓quantal content, ↓safety, post synaptic potentials (PSP) are small, requiring summation for AP

36
Q

Temporospatial Stimulation:

A

AP are all/nothing, but PSPs are graded; EPSPs can be “added” to reach threshold if nearby and in occur similar time (det by RC time constant)

37
Q

Receptors: neuroTx bind ionotropic

A

binding opens ion channel

38
Q

Receptors: neuroTx bind metabotropic

A

activates G-Protein —> Δion flow directly/via 2nd messenger
- G protein effects are neuromodulatory; do not Δpolarization directly but Δsignaling, excitability, function

39
Q

Glutamate: synthesized/function

A

synthesized from glutamine by astrocytes (recycle); released glutamate +/- shuttled into Krebs Cycle

40
Q

Glutamate: Ionotropic Receptors:

A

NMDA + AMPA + Kainate —> binding of glutamate causes influx of cations —> EXCITATORY
NMDA: unique b/c constantly blocked by Mg when unbound; when glutamate binds, all cations (Na + Ca) flow in

41
Q

Glutamate: Metabotropic Receptors:

A

mGluRs (metabotropic glutamate receptors) —> EXCITATORY

42
Q

GABA + Glycine:

A

MC INHIBITORY neuroTx

43
Q

Glycine (Spinal Cord):

A

binds to ionotropic receptor —> Cl- Influx —> INHIBITORY

44
Q

GABA (CNS) Ionotropic:

A

GABA_a + GABA_c —> Cl- Influx —> INHIBITORY

45
Q

GABA (CNS) Metabotropic:

A

GABA_b —> ↑K+ Influx but ↓Ca2+ efflux —> NET INHIBITORY

46
Q

AcH: found/function

A

found in CNS (forebrain) and PNS (ganglionic transmission + NMJ); no reuptake but AcHesterase inactivates AcH

47
Q

AcH: Ionotropic

A

Nicotinic: ionotropic receptors coupled to non-specific cation channel

48
Q

AcH: Metabotropic

A

Muscarinic: metabotropic receptors coupled to G-proteins (M1/M3 = Gq; M2 = Gi)

49
Q

Dopamine: receptor type?

A

metabotropic receptors (D1 = Gs, Excitatory, D2 = Gi, Inhibitory) involved in emotion, reward and motivation

50
Q

Nor/Epi: receptor types?

A

metabotropic (ɑ1 = Gq, ɑ2 = Gi, β1 = Gs, β2 = Gs, all excitatory) involved in wakefullness and attention
Recall: synth from Tyrosine —> L-Dopa —> Dopa —> NorEpi —> Epi —(inactivated)—> reuptake / COMT + MAO

51
Q

Histamine: receptor type?

A

metabotropic (H1 = Gq, H2 = Gs, all excitatory) involved in wakefullness

52
Q

Serotonin: receptor type? synthesized?

A

many metabotrobic, one ionotropic (excitatory); metabotropic are both excitatory/inhibitory
Recall: synth from Tryptophan —> 5-Hydroxytryptophan —> 5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT = Serotonin)

53
Q

ATP ~ Cotransmitter + Neuromodulator

A

(b/c released with other neuroTx) + (b/c actions ↑ or ↓ action of other neuroTx)

54
Q

ATP P2X:

A

ionotropic receptors - excitatory (ATP —> Adenosine [purine])

55
Q

ATP P2Y:

A

metabotropic receptors - both

56
Q

P-Lipid Membrane ~ RC Circuit ~

A

Battery (membrane potential E_k) + Resistor (Ion Channels) in series + Capacitor (Membrane) in ||

57
Q

Resistance:

A

limits flow of charge (ion flow) = 1/g (1/conductance)

58
Q

Capacitance:

A

element that stores charge ~ two conductors w/separating insulator (↓insulation = ↑charge storage = ↓active current)

59
Q

Current =

A

I_m (total membrane current) = I_c (capacitative current) + I_i (ionic current)

60
Q

Consequence of RC Circuitry:

A

signal propagation will decay exponentially w/↑distance 1/e of the max every time constant (ƛ)

Clinical Neuroscience (14 decks)

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