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Clinical Neuroscience > Brain Structures > Flashcards

Brain Structures Flashcards

1
Q

Forebrain =

A

Telencephalon (Cerebrum = 2x Cerebral Hemispheres) + Diencephalon (Thalamus, Hypo-/Subthalamus)

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2
Q

Cerebral Hemispheres = covering of

A

gray matter + white matter + deep structures (basal ganglion, limbic struct)

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3
Q

Separating cerebral hemispheres =

A

Longitudinal Fissures

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4
Q

Separating temporal lobe from parietal/frontal lobes =

A

Lateral / Sylvian Fissures

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5
Q

Separating occipital lobe from parietal lobe (seen only in medial surface) =

A

Parietooccipital Fissures

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6
Q

Frontal Lobe: separated from parietal lobe by

A

central sulcus

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7
Q

Pre-Central Gyrus:

A

area directly anterior to central sulcus = contains 1° motor areas

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8
Q

Frontal Lobe Lateral + Medial Surfaces:

A

initiate AND regulate voluntary motor activity

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9
Q

Frontal Lobe (Left) Lateral Surface:

A

contains Broca Motor Speech Area (motor aspect of language)

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10
Q

Frontal Lobe Medial Surface:

A

emotional aspects of behavior = Cingulate Gyrus

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11
Q

Frontal Lobe Prefontal Association Areas:

A

remainder of frontal lobe; emotion, motivation, personality, social inhibition

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12
Q

Parietal Lobe:

A

associated with somatosensory function = self-perception / spatial orientation

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13
Q

Post-Central Gyrus:

A

area directly posterior to central sulcus = contains 1° somatosensory area

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14
Q

Parietal Lobe Lateral + Medial Surface:

A

cortical processing of pain, touch and limb position

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15
Q

Parietal Lobe (Left) Lateral Surface:

A

sensory aspects of language in Wernicke Area

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16
Q

Occipital Lobe:

A

associated with visual information

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17
Q

Occipital Lobe Calacrine Sulcus:

A

located on medial surface; on either side of sulcus are 1° Visual Areas

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18
Q

Occipital Lobe Visual Association Areas:

A

surround 1° visual areas; mediate seeing and recognition

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19
Q

Temporal Lobe:

A

associated with auditory information

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20
Q

Superior Temporal Gyrus:

A

ability to hear and process what is heard

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21
Q

Temporal Lobe Lateral Surface:

A

perception of language

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22
Q

Temporal Lobe Anterior/Medial Surfaces:

A

learning, memory and emotion

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23
Q

Limbic Lobe:

A

not true lobe; ring of cortex covering frontal, temporal and parietal lobes
Forms Cingulate and Parahippocampal Gyri = overlies limbic system structures

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24
Q

Basal Ganglia: Definition/Function

A

interconnected nuclei contributed by forebrain, diencephalon and midbrain
Function to initiate and control voluntary movement; smooths out motor movements of limbs and axial muscles

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25
Q

Forebrain: Basal Ganglia:

A

deep in cerebral hemispheres = caudate nucleus and stratium (plutamen + globus pallidus) nuclei

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26
Q

Diencephalon: Basal Ganglia:

A

contributes subthalamic nuclei

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27
Q

Midbrain: Basal Ganglia:

A

contributes substantia nigra

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28
Q

Limbic Structures: associated with

A

drive, emotion, learning, memory

Deep forebrain contributions are amygdala (tip of tail caudate nuclei) + hippocampus (both located in temporal lobe)

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29
Q

Association Fibers:

A

within same hemisphere

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30
Q

Commissural Fibers:

A

to similar area in other hemisphere; largest = corpus callosum

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31
Q

Projection Fibers:

A

in/out of cortex; largest = coronoa radiata bundled into internal capsule

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32
Q

Diencephalon:

A

paired structures around 3rd Ventricle

Includes: Thalamus, Hypothalamus, & Subthalamus

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33
Q

Thalamus:

A

gatekeeper for the cortex; processes sensory (except olfactory) > motor info on way to cortex

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34
Q

Hypothalamus

A

integrates endocrine, autonomic function

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35
Q

Subthalamus:

A

contains subthalamic nuclei contribution to basal ganglion; important in movement/muscle tone

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36
Q

Brainstem =

A

conduit (ascending/descending paths) + integrative via reticular formation nuclei in midline + CNs

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37
Q

Midbrain Organization

A

Most rostral areas ~ sup/mid/inf cerebral peduncles (anterior) + sup/inf colliculi (posteriorly)
Peduncles = extensions of internal capsule; corticospinal (spinal cord) + corticobulbar (brainstem) tracts
Colliculi = superior = visual reflexes; inferior = auditory reflexes

38
Q

Midbrain Important Structures:

A

cerebral aqueduct (connect 3rd + 4th ventricles) + red nucleus / substantia nigra (deep)

39
Q

Hindbrain ~

A

Pons + Medulla

40
Q

Pons

- Anterior surface =

A

basal pons = bundles of longitudinal corticospinal fibers + transverse pontocerebellar fibers

41
Q

Pons

- Transverse pontine nuclei =

A

transfer information from transverse pontocerebellar fibers to opp cerebellum via middle cerebellar peduncle

42
Q

Pons

- Posterior surface =

A

4th ventricle and superior cerebellar peduncle

43
Q

Medulla:

A

most caudal component; fuses with spinal cord

44
Q

Medulla:

- Anterior surface

A

mainly pyramids containing descending corticospinal fibers

45
Q

Medulla:

- Lateral surface

A

mainly olives overling olivary nuclear complex (modulates motor activity)

46
Q

Medulla:

- Posterior surface

A

mainly caudal 4th ventricle

47
Q

Medulla:

- Posterio-lateral

A

surface mainly inferior cerebellar peduncle

48
Q

Medulla:

- Caudal most portion =

A

4th ventricle narrows —> central canal of spinal cord

49
Q

Caudal Medulla

A

has decussation of pyramids (crossing) anteriorly and fasiculus gracilis + cuneatus (sensory) post

50
Q

Cerebellum =

A

outgrowth of pons overlying 4th ventricle

51
Q

Cerebellum

Organization:

A

two hemispheres with central vermis and cortex covering surface
Attached to brainstem via cerebellar peduncles (recall surface of pons)
Carry information to/from cerebellum via peduncles

52
Q

Ventricular System ~

A

Fluid-Filled Brain Space

53
Q

Lateral Ventricles:

A

associated with the four structural lobes of the cerebrum near caudate nucleus

54
Q

Third Ventricle:

A

via ventricular foramen of Monro; think diencephalon structures (thalamus)

55
Q

Fourth Ventricle:

A

communicates w/3rd ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct or aqueduct of Sylvius. Cerebral aqueduct (perfectly midline) is surrounded by midbrain; 4th ventricle by brainstem.

56
Q

CSF Functions:

A

↓ weight (suspend), “lymph” function, intra-thecal injections, neuroTx (widespread fx)

57
Q

CSF Circulation ~

A

Lateral –> 3rd –> 4th –> Subarachnoid Space + Central Canal of Spinal Cord –> Reabsorption

58
Q

4th –> Subarachnoid:

A

via lateral foramina of Luschka and medial foramen of Magendie

59
Q

4th –> Central Canal:

A

direct narrowing of 4th ventricle

60
Q

CSF Circulation Pattern:

A

posterior around spinal cord (10% reabs) —> back to subarachnoid space anteriorly —> 90% reabsorbed

61
Q

CSF Reabsorption:

A

via arachnoid granulations from subarachnoid space into superior sagittal venous sinus

62
Q

Arachnoid granulations =

A

1-way valve that allow flow into venous sinus but not back; also have tight junctions

63
Q

Hydrocephalus ~

A

Water Head ~ ↑CSF in Brain

64
Q

Hydrocephalus Non-Obstructive:

A

damage/blockage to arachnoid granulations / 1-way valve (meningitis) —> ↓absorption —> ↑CSF

65
Q

Hydrocephalus Obstructive:

A

obstruction prevents normal circulation (tumor/developmental issue) —> ↑ ventricle size

66
Q

Hydrocephalus Treatment:

A

surgical shunt from ventricle —> peritoneal cavity (CSF can be absorbed)

67
Q

Choroid Plexus Structure:

A

outpouching of capillaries and pia mater into ventricular space

68
Q

Choroid Plexus - Triple Lining:

A

capillary, pia, and choroid epithelium (ventricle epithelium lining plexus)

  • Ventricular epi not lining plexus = Ependymal Cells with Gaps
  • Note choroid cells have tight junctions (prevent toxic substances from blood)
69
Q

CSF Production:

A

capillary —> active tx thru choroid epi —> passive H2O (osmolarity)

70
Q

Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) Structure:

A

systemic caps have fenestration; brain cap has tight junction
In addition, neuropil side of capillary provides astrocyte foot processes lining cap

71
Q

If asked “What is BBB?” answer

A

“Tight Junctions btw Capillary Endothelium”

72
Q

Circumventricular Organs: monitor

A

blood chemistry

73
Q

Circumventricular Organs: areas LACK a

A

BBB so they can sample the blood chemistry & alter brain function / protective brain mechanisms

74
Q

Circumventricular Organs:

  • Location:
  • Examples:
A 
line the ventricular system (∴ “Circumventricular”)
organ vasculosum (monitor electrolyte balance) and neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary, concern hormone function)
75
Q

Dura Mater

  • Separation of
  • Innervation:
  • Blood:
A

periosteal/meningeal layer = sinuses
ant/mid = CN V; post = CN X (Meningeal)
middle meningeal artery (epidural hematoma)

76
Q

Arachnoid Mater

  • Attach to
  • Subarachnoid space =
  • Subdural space
A

pia via arachnoid trabeculae (collagen)
cerebral arteries/veins
if bleed btw subarachnoid/dura mater

77
Q

Pia Mater

  • Follows
  • Vessels penetrating
  • they get a sleeve of pia =
A

gyri and sulci
neuropil from subarachnoid space
perivascular space

78
Q

the joining of meningeal layers of dura mater —>

A

thick membranes such as falx cerebri, tentorium cerebelli, diaphragma sella, falx cerebelli

79
Q

True (Non-Pathologic, Exists Normally) Epidural Space in Spinal Cord

A

Recall that dura mater has no periosteal layer in the spinal cord; ∴ true epidural space exists containing fatty tissue and venous plexus

80
Q

Continuation of Meningeal Layers in Peripheral Nerves ~

A

dura & arachnoid mater continue (not PIA); form epineurium (dura) & perineurium (arachnoid)

81
Q

Extradural Hematoma

A

(Btw Bone + Osteal Dura Mater)

- Outside trauma –> mid meningeal artery

82
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

(“Shaken Baby Syndrome”)

- Shake ruptures bridging veins btw sinus/cerebral vein

83
Q

Subarachnoid Hematoma

A
  • Seen with arterial aneurysm (“Worst headache ever!”)
84
Q

Internal Carotid Artery (ICA)

Course

A

Enters skull via carotid foramen —> bony canal (no lacerum) —> carotid canal —> cavernous sinus —> hairpin turn

  • At hairpin, gives off first branch = Opthalmic Artery
  • Post hairpin, joins Circle of Willis (CoW)
85
Q

Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) Provides Majority of

A

Anterior Arterial Circulation

86
Q

Vertebral Artery

Course

A

subclavian -> C6 to C1 Transverse Foramen —> Foramen Magnum —> Basilar Artery (medulla/pons junction)

87
Q 
Circle of Willis (CoW)
ICA System (recall prior to CoW gives of opthalmic a at hairpin)
A
  • Receive posterior communicating aa as continuing on as middle cerebral arteries
  • Proximally gives off medial / lateral lenticulostriate aa
  • Gives off anterior cerebral arteries which are connected by A1 Segment & Anterior Communicating aa
  • A1 segment refers to part of anterior cerebral artery proximal to anterior communicating a; A2 is distal
88
Q

Circle of Willis (CoW)

Vertebrobasilar System

A
  • Vertebral a ascend —> give off posterior inferior cerebellar aa —> form basilar a & give off anterior inferior cerebellar aa, pontine aa & superior cerebellar aa
  • Terminate into posterior cerebral aa which connect to ICA via posterior communicating arteries
89
Q

Veins

A
  • Superior Sagittal Sinus + Straight Sinus —> Confluence of Sinus —> Transverse —>
    Sigmoid —> IJV
90
Q

Recall straight sinus =

A

inferior sagittal sinus + Great Cerebral Vein of Galen

91
Q

Recall superior petrosal sinus —>

A

transverse sinus BUT inferior petrosal sinus —> sigmoid / IJV

Clinical Neuroscience (14 decks)

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