Cellular Adaptation and Misc. Flashcards
2 examples of irreversible cell injury
necrosis
apoptosis
what’s in increase in cell size called?
hypertrophy
Is hypertrophy pathological?
Could be both path and phys
Is hypertrophy reversible?
yes
Why would you get hypertrophy? 2 reasons
functional demands
hormonal/growth stim
What is hyperplasia?
increase in number of cells.
Is hyperplasia reversible?
yes
is hyperplasia physiological?
Can also be pathological
e.g. of hyperplasia? 2 things:
endometrium during reproductive cycle
breast tissue during lactation
In Grave’s disease you get to cellular processes together. They are?
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
Can permanent cells undergo hyperplasia?
Nope. Can’t divide.
Can labile and stable cells undergo hyperplasia?
Yes. Can divide.
What happens with reduction in cellular metabolism and decreased activity?
atrophy
What happens to excess cellular components in atrophy?
removed via autophagy
Is atrophy reversible?
If there is no cell death/fibrosis, then yes.
What is involution?
physiological apoptosis
2 examples of involution:
uterus post partum
thymus
2 examples of Metaplasia?
bone in Connective tissue
columnar to squamous cells in lungs
When do you get Metaplasia?
long standing environmental changes
Is Metaplasia physiological?
could be both path and phys
What factors drive an adult cell to change back to somatic stem cell for reprogramming?
cytokines, growth factor
What is cervical metaplasia?
simple columnar –>stratified squamous around external cervical os
what happens in smokers’ lungs with their pseudo stratified columnar epithelium cells? so what?
could become squamous and risk of neoplasia
What is a hallmark cellular process of neoplasia?
unregulated and autonomous cell proliferation
Why would hyperplasia confer an increased risk of malignancy?
so much replication, increase risk of mutations increased
T/F aortic valve normally has 3 cusps?
TRUE!
what is the prevalence of congenital bicuspid aortic valve?
1%
What is a Myxomatous mitral valve?
benign tumour growth on mitral valve…
what’s the commonest western country valve pathology?
calcific stenosis of aortic valve
2 types of inflammatory valve disease
infection (endocarditis) immune mediated (Rheumatic fever)
is valve disease always symptomatic?
No.
Mitral valve disease leads to what? and how?
Atrial fibrillation due to atrial remodelling and those can cause electrical variations
