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Jason's Cardiovascular Block > Cardiac/Vascular Function BP/HTN Control > Flashcards

Cardiac/Vascular Function BP/HTN Control Flashcards

1
Q

MAP = ____ x_____

A

MAP= COxTPR

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2
Q

Increase in CO will do what to Venous Pressure?

A

Decrease it.

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3
Q

At any one moment in the circulation:

  1. 50% of blood is in systemic arteries
  2. 50% of blood is in systemic veins
  3. 30% of blood is in the heart
  4. 5% of blood is in the systemic capillaries
A
  1. 5% of blood is in the systemic capillaries
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4
Q

What percentage of blood is in the venous circulation at any one moment?

A

65%

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5
Q

What percentage of blood is in the arteries at any one moment and why?

A

13% (arteries are less compliant because of higher pressures)

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6
Q

What percentage of blood is in the lungs at any one moment?

A

10%

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7
Q

What percentage of blood is in the heart at any one moment?

A

Lucky Number 7%

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8
Q

The compliance of arteries is greater than veins. True or False?

A

False, Fool!

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9
Q

Which of the following would increase the proportion of blood in systemic arteries?

  1. Decreased cardiac output
  2. A reduction in TPR
  3. Veno-constriction?
A

THREE! Veno-constriction

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10
Q

Unfortunately your heart stops. Your blood settles. Some sadistic scientist takes your blood pressure. What is the read out?

A

About 7mmHg

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11
Q

An increase in cardiac output will result in:

  1. Increase in venous pressure
  2. Decrease in venous pressure
  3. leave venous pressure the same
A
  1. Decrease in venous pressure
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12
Q

Does TPR change venous pressure?

A

Not so much bro.

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13
Q

Venous pressure reading of zero is relative to what?

A

Atmosphere.

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14
Q

What’s the pressure of the Inferior Vena Cava?

A

1 to 5mmg

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15
Q

What’s the pressure of the superior Vena Cava?

A

1 to 5mmg

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16
Q

Right Atrial pressure is higher than central venous pressure. True or False?

A

False. CVP is higher than RA.

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17
Q

How do you assess central venous pressure?

A

JVP Jugular Venous Pressure

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18
Q

A High JVP could mean what?

A

Failing heart is causing the blood to be backed up

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19
Q

Decrease in Venous pressure:

  1. Increases CO
  2. Decrease in CO
  3. Leaves CO the same
A
  1. Decrease in CO
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20
Q

An increase in contractility will result in:

  1. An Increase in CO
  2. Decrease in CO
  3. Increase in venous pressure
  4. decrease in venous pressure
A
  1. An Increase in CO

4. decrease in venous pressure

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21
Q

An increase in blood volume will result in:

  1. An Increase in CO
  2. a decrease in CO
  3. an increase in Venous pressure
  4. a decrease in venous pressure
  5. No clue bro.
A
  1. An Increase in CO

3. an increase in Venous pressure

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22
Q

A decrease in TPR will result in

  1. an increase in CO
  2. a decrease in CO
  3. an increase in venous pressure
  4. a decrease in venous pressure
A
  1. an increase in CO

3. an increase in venous pressure

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23
Q

What happens to central venous pressure as a result of a failing heart?

A

Rises.

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24
Q

What happens to central venous pressure as a results of poor venous return.

A

Falls.

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25
Q

List 4 causes of poor venous return to the heart:

A
  1. blood loss
  2. upright posture
  3. inadequate muscle pumps
  4. inadequate respiratory pumps
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26
Q

“Teflon” coating in the heart is what? What is it’s function?

A

Endothelium. Prevent sticking of cells to heart walls

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27
Q

What produces NO, Endothelin, Prostaglandins?

A

Endothelium. Duh.

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28
Q

How do you induce NO release to help draw blood from the 90 year old lady with tiny vessels?

A

Smack her veins.

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29
Q

Name three substances that alter smooth muscle contraction:

A

NO, Endothelin, Prostaglandins

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30
Q

NO is modulated by 4 things:

A

physical stimuli
hypoxia
circulating vasoactive factors
paracrine vasoactive factors (adjacent/blood cells)

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31
Q

Why would WBCs release vasodilators/inflmmatory mediators?

A

Ensure good access by immune system.

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32
Q

Platelets release 3 things:

A

Thrombin, ADP, thromboxane A2

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33
Q

Thrombin, ADP, thromboxane A2 are release by platelets to do what?

A

enhance coagulation/platelet aggregation and cause vasoconstriction.

34
Q

Compliance is important in:

A

Diastole

35
Q

What is important in systole with regards to cardiac ventricular pressures?

A

Active tension

36
Q

Which of these LV pressures and volumes is/are within the normal range at rest?

  1. End systolic volume: 75ml
  2. stroke volume: 500ml
  3. End diastolic pressure: 50mmHg
  4. Early diastolic pressure: 5mmHg
A
  1. Early diastolic pressure: 5mmHg
37
Q

What is the Frank-Starling relationship?

A

More stretch=more tension

More EDV=more SV

38
Q

Stroke volume can be increased by:

  1. Increasing heart rate
  2. Increasing EDV
  3. Increasing ventricular contractility
A
  1. Increasing EDV

3. Increasing ventricular contractility

39
Q

How do you increase LV pressure?

A

Release more calcium to increase contractility

40
Q

Contractility increases as a result of:

  1. acidosis
  2. sympathetic nerve activation
  3. Parasympathetic nerve deactivation
  4. Caffeine
  5. Adrenaline
  6. Hypercapnia
A
  1. sympathetic nerve activation
  2. Caffeine
  3. Adrenaline
41
Q

Which of the following is/are correct?

  1. During diastole the mitral valve is closed
  2. During isovolumetric contraction the aortic valve is closed
  3. During systole the tricuspid valve is open
A
  1. During isovolumetric contraction the aortic valve is closed
42
Q

What determines whether or not valves are open or closed?

A

Only the Pressures.

43
Q

Define isovolumetric.

A

When all valves are closed, no change in volume, only pressure.

44
Q

What do you hear for mitral valve stenosis?

A

Early diastolic murmur

45
Q

What is a murmur?

A

Turbulent flow of blood

46
Q

First sound is:

A

AV valves closing

47
Q

Second sounds are:

A

Aortic valves closing

48
Q

During exercise, the size of the heart:

  1. Increases
  2. Stays the same
  3. Decreases
A
  1. Decreases
49
Q

A decrease in LV compliance will result in:

  1. Increase in EDV
  2. Decrease in EDV
  3. Increase in SV
  4. Decrease in SV
  5. No clue
A
  1. Decrease in EDV

4. Decrease in SV

50
Q

Afterload pressure is imposed by two things:

A
  1. Arterial hypertension

2. LV outflow tract obstruction

51
Q

Define afterload:

A

What’s encountered by ventricle as it commences contraction

52
Q

Preload is:

A

The stretch of myocyte fibres prior to contraction

53
Q

Preload’s volume load comes from what?

A

Venous return

54
Q

How to regulate short term BP?

A

Neurally

baroreflex

55
Q

The body can infer the adequacy of cardiac output by measuring:

  1. pH
  2. pCO2
  3. pO2
  4. Blood Flow
  5. Blood Pressure
A
  1. Blood Pressure
56
Q

If an Organ needs more blood:

  1. increase arterial resistance
  2. decrease arterial resistance
  3. reduce venous resistance
  4. increase capillary resistance
A
  1. decrease arterial resistance
57
Q

The primary purpose of circulation is to provide:

  1. adequate blood flow to organs
  2. adequate blood pressure
  3. transfer of hormones
  4. transfer of heat
A
  1. adequate blood flow to organs
58
Q

Which animal has the highest BP?

  1. human
  2. worm
  3. sheep
  4. giraffe
  5. cow
A
  1. Giraffe
59
Q

Where are baroreceptors? 3 places?

A

internal carotid sinus
aortic arch
kidneys

60
Q

describe the baroreceptors

A

thin-walled
highly innervated
quick response
stretch receptors

61
Q

Where is the brainstem Cardiovascular control centre?

A

Medulla

62
Q

How does the medulla operate the Cardiovascular control centre?

A

via sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves

63
Q

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system does NOT?

  1. increase heart rate
  2. decrease atrioventricular conduction time
  3. increase cardiac contractility
  4. increase TPR
  5. increase venous tone
A

Does it ALL.

64
Q

How do you reduce TPR?

A

Turn OFF sympathetic

65
Q

You turn on the parasympathetic to reduce TPR?

A

Nope. parasympathetics don’t innervate small arterioles

66
Q

What’s the whole point of the baroreflex?

A

Act as a buffer to smooth out variations in everyday life

67
Q

What helps to dictate a reset in baroreflex and how long does it take?

A

ambient pressure helps dictate and it happens in 1-2 days

68
Q

If baroreceptors drop the ball, what takes over when shit gets real?

A

Chemoreceptors

69
Q

My BP is 45mmHg…. what are my baroreceptors doing?

A

Freaking the hell out cause they’re not firing!

70
Q

Chemoreceptors are where?

A

bodies outside the carotid and aorta

71
Q

I have low O2, going into acidosis, and high Co2, what’s most likely stimulated?

A

Chemoreceptors

72
Q

High blood pressure predisposes to:

  1. kidney failure
  2. stroke
  3. liver failure
  4. heart failure
  5. coronary heart disease
  6. cardiac hypertrophy
A
  1. kidney failure
  2. stroke
  3. heart failure
  4. coronary heart disease
  5. cardiac hypertrophy
73
Q

What’s atrial fibrillation?

A

The atria does the jelly dance and can’t pump diddly squat.

74
Q

Mean blood pressure for men?

A

94

75
Q

females mean blood pressure?

A

89

76
Q

In the ageing adult:

  1. systolic BP rises until 60 years of age
  2. systolic BP rises after 60 years of age
  3. diastolic BP rises until 60 years of age
  4. diastolic BP rises after 60 years of age
A
  1. systolic BP rises until 60 years of age
  2. systolic BP rises after 60 years of age
  3. diastolic BP rises until 60 years of age
77
Q

How much lower is your night BP?

A

~20mmHg

78
Q

Why is there less variability in your BP at night?

A

sympathetic is turned down

79
Q

while your sympathetic is turned down at night, how is your BP managed?

A

Auto-pilot via the renin-angiotensin system

80
Q

3 reasons why your BP is lower in the summer

A

vasodilation
sweating
you weight less

81
Q

What’s the population paradox with Hypertension?

A

greatest number of deaths attributable to BP occur in those with average BP.

Jason's Cardiovascular Block (15 decks)

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