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Jason's Cardiovascular Block > Cardio Histology/Atherosclerosis/Heart Pathology > Flashcards

Cardio Histology/Atherosclerosis/Heart Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of the heart and types of cells:

A
  1. epicardium (simple squamous, vessels, fat, nerves)
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium (endothelial, CT, conducting tissue)
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2
Q

Cardiac muscle cells describe

A
  1. small cells
  2. central nucleus
  3. branching fibers
  4. intercalated discs
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3
Q

What are located the spaces between branching cardiac muscles?

A

capillaries

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4
Q

intercalated disc uses intermediate filaments in their fascia adherens?

A

false. actin filaments are used

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5
Q

What are the Z-discs in cardiac muscles made of?

A

Gotcha! No Z-discs, replaced by intercalated discs

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6
Q

are there desmosomes in cardiac muscle?

A

yes, attached with intermediate filaments

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7
Q

Why are Gap junctions in cardiac muscles not sufficient to propagate a proper contraction?

A

only useful at short ranges.

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8
Q

T/F? the heart beat is set by the slowest beating cells? and where?

A

False. set by the fastest beating cells. SA/AV node.

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9
Q

What are Purkinje fibres full of?

A

glycogen

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10
Q

Purkinje fibres have lots of myofibrils?

A

Not much bro.

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11
Q

3 layers of blood vessels are:

A
  1. Intima
  2. media
  3. adventitia
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12
Q

Intima has 3 layers too, they are:

A
  1. endothelium
  2. on the basal lamina
  3. supported by CT
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13
Q

T/F, endothelial cells are elongated circumferentially in the vessels?

A

False. elongated in the direction of flow

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14
Q

Endothelium does 3 things:

A
  1. inhibit clotting
  2. store Von Willebrand’s factor for rainy days
  3. secrete endothelin or NO depending on it’s mood.
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15
Q

vessel Media is made of? how is it arranged?

A

smooth muscle arranged concentrically

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16
Q

what happens to blood pressure if you increase the lumen?

A

BP goes down

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17
Q

Usually only have 1 layer of smooth muscle in the media?

A

Nope, can vary from 1-50 layers yo!

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18
Q

What type of collagen is in the vessel media? secreted from what?

A

type III, and made by the smooth muscle itself

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19
Q

How do smooth muscles acquire elastin and ground substance?

A

it secretes them themselves

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20
Q

What kind of collagen/CT is in the adventitia of vessles?

A

Type I, elastin, ground substance

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21
Q

Adventitia secretes it’s own matrix?

A

Nope. Embedded fibroblasts do.

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22
Q

What are the blood vessels of the blood vessels called?

A

vasa vasorum

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23
Q

Where are elastic arteries found?

A

generally near the heart

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24
Q

Why isn’t diastole zero?

A

The elastic recoil from the large arteries passively generates continuous flow at a lower and albeit pulsatile pressure

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25
Q

any elastin in muscular arteries?

A

yes but not much.

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26
Q

Why have muscular arteries

A

to distribute and regular blood flow

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27
Q

size of arterioles:

A

less than 0.1 mm diameter

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28
Q

how many layers of smooth muscle do arterioles have?

A

1-3 layers

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29
Q

muscular arteries or arterioles contribute most to blood pressure?

A

arterioles!

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30
Q

what’s the intermediate vessel between arteriole and capillary?

A

meta arteriole with single smooth muscle cell acting as a sphincter

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31
Q

Average diameter of a capillary is 7.2 microns?

A

Nope smaller than RBC to facilitate exchange

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32
Q

Cells in the body are cool with being 100microns away from a capillary.

A

Most are within 50 microns

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33
Q

What are capillaries made of anyways?

A

single rolled endothelial cell into a tube sealed with a tight junction.

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34
Q

Do capillaries have a basal lamina?

A

Of course dummy!!

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35
Q

do capillaries have media?

A

sometimes, called pericytes

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36
Q

do capillaries have adventitia?

A

yes. a wee splash of collagen fibres

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37
Q

Veins have thinner whats and thicker what?

A

thinner medias

thicker adventitia

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38
Q

2 ways to move blood in tubes with low pressure?

A
  1. one way valves

2. muscle pumps

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39
Q

where do leukocytes prefer to diapedese?

A

venules

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40
Q

venules are affected by histamine and cytokines?

A

yes

41
Q

venules have pericytes? or smooth muscle?

A

Both. Initially pericytes, soon smooth muscle

42
Q

in big-ass veins what additional structure is present to help stiffen the adventitia?

A

longitudinal smooth muscle bundles

43
Q

Leaky lymphatics collect excess fluid from the arteriole side?

A

Nope. venous side bro. venous side.

44
Q

what do lymph vessels lack in structure?

A

no tight junction

45
Q

do lymph vessels have valves?

A

yes

46
Q

looking at two tubes in the microscope, what do you look for/absence of to distinguish a lymphocyte?

A

No RBCs present, perhaps a few WBCs

47
Q

What’s the difference between ischaemia and hypoxia?

A

ischaemia: lack of blood to a tissue
hypoxia: lack of oxygen in tissues

48
Q

What is hypoxemia?

A

decrease O2 in the blood

49
Q

Define Embolus and Thrombus

A

Thrombus: blood clot in vessel
Embolus: blood clot, solid, liquid, gas free floating in the vessels messing up your shit

50
Q

What happens to the intima after chronic inflammation prior to plaque formation?

A

can’t produce NO and prostacyclin, roughened surface, may become thrombotic

51
Q

What is a foam cell?

A

macrophages that ate too much McDonald’s, they break down and contribute to plaque

52
Q

Which bad one enters the intima? LDL, HDL?

A

LDL

53
Q

Do you get stenosis in the initial stages of atherosclerosis?

A

Nope. Remodelling to accommodate but only so much

54
Q

Name 3 non-modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis.

A

Age
Gender
Genetic

55
Q

Name 6 modifiable risk factors for Atherosclerosis

A 
Hypertension
Diabetes
Smoking
obesity
physical inactivity
proteinuria
56
Q

Why is HDL called the ‘good’ lipoprotein?

A

It prevent LDL oxidation and removes cholesterol from circulation

57
Q

The larger and less dense the LDL, the more atherogenic it is. T/F?

A

False. More dense LDL = more atherogenic

58
Q

What’s metabolic syndrome anyway? 5 key points.

A 
central obesity
raised triglycerides
reduced HDL
increased BP
increase plasma glucose
59
Q

Adipose is just docile annoying extra cushioning.

A

Nope. it’s active and releases shit that INTERFERES with insulin signalling and BP regulation.

60
Q

3 complications due to atherosclerosis

A
  1. ischaemia
  2. infarction
    aneurysm
61
Q

Which thrombus plaques are most susceptible to rupture?

A

thin firbrous caps yo.

62
Q

One side of the artery is bulging, what’s that called?

A

saccular aneurysm

63
Q

No ballooning but has a tear in the intima, what kind of aneurysm?

A

dissection

64
Q

what is fusiform aneurysm?

A

both sides bulging

65
Q

what is a saccular aneurysm?

A

one side bulging

66
Q

both sides of the artery is bulging, what’s that called?

A

fusiform aneurysm

67
Q

what’s a false aneurysm?

A

hematoma in the extravascular CT

68
Q

What’s a berry aneurysm?

A

saccular, one sided bulge

69
Q

can an infection cause an aneurysm?

A

Yes, a mycotic aneurysm can.

70
Q

What’s so bad about an Aortic dissection?

A

can cause heart attack or stroke from pressure build up on the outside of the aorta

71
Q

What syndrome could put you at risk of aortic dissections?

A

Marfan’s syndrome: defect in elastin and fibrin

72
Q

What is hyaline arteriolosclerosis?

A

from endothelial stress, try to reinforce with plasma proteins and collage on walls of vessels

73
Q

Decrease flow of blood is called?

A

Ischaemia

74
Q

Can infarction be chronic?

A

Nope. Acute only.

75
Q

What layer of heart is most susceptible to ischaemia?

A

Subendocardial

76
Q

Intermittent claudication occurs in arteries? or veins?

A

Arteries

77
Q

Hypoxia is?

A

low O2 in environment

78
Q

Hypoxemia is?

A

low blood oxygen

79
Q

When do you get acute ischaemia?

A

upon exertion

80
Q

Define infarction

A

area of necrosis caused by acute ischaemia

81
Q

infarcts could be two colours

A

pale

red

82
Q

histologically how does infarction look?

A

coagulative

Brain = liquifactive

83
Q

How long do these last occluded?

  1. neurons/glials
  2. cardiac
  3. skeletal?
A
  1. minutes/hours
  2. 10-20 minutes
  3. hours
84
Q

If there is only one artery to an area what is that called?

A

End artery

85
Q

What is a response to previous chronic ischaemia?

A

increase collateral vasculature

86
Q

3 places where blockage of end artery most likely:

A

Spleen
Kidney
Heart

87
Q

What shape are end artery infarcts usually?

A

Wedge shaped

88
Q

3 reasons why you normally get Haemorrhagic infarcts?

A
  1. dual circulation
  2. reperfusion of necrotic tissue
  3. venous occlusion
89
Q

do you see anything histologically in infarcted tissue between 6-12 hours? Then what happens?

A

Nope. Then becomes hypereosinophillic

90
Q

What is karyolysis?

A

fading of nuclei

91
Q

what’s the tell tale sign you’re looking at acute infarction?

A

Inflammation

neutrophils

92
Q

What do you see in sub-acutre infarction?

A

fibroblasts, granulation tissue

93
Q

What is a risk of high estrogen levels

A

hypercoagulability

94
Q

2 things that make venous thrombosis especially bad:

A

stasis + hypercoagulability = bad times

95
Q

When do you get lines of Zhan?

A

thrombi in aneurysms

96
Q

Colour of arterial thrombi?

A

pale

97
Q

deep red thrombi are found where?

A

venous system

98
Q

Fate of thrombus: 4 things:

A

embolism
fibrinolysis
organisation
persistence

99
Q

secondary gangrene explain:

  1. dry
  2. wet
A
  1. toes, foot leg/mummification, cause not much saprophytic organisms
  2. acute appendicitis/cholecystitis, infarction of small bowel

Jason's Cardiovascular Block (15 decks)

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