Cellular Adaptation

Question 1

2 hallmarks of irreversible cell injury

Answer 1

1. Membrane destruction

2. Mitochondrial damage (no ETC)

Question 2

Necrosis:

1. Pyknosis
2. Karyolysis
3. Karyhorrhexis

Answer 2

1. Nuclear shrinkage (because a small basophilic mass)
2. Decreased basophilia of chromatin (loss of DNA)
3. Fragmentation of nucleus

Question 3

What leaks out of the mitochondrial membrane causing apoptosis for both intrinsic and extrinsic pathways?

Answer 3

Cytochrome c

Question 4

Common apoptosis pathway

1. Pro apoptotic proteins
2. Anti apoptotic proteins

Answer 4

1. BAX-BAK

2. BCL2

Question 5

Intrinsic apoptotic pathway caspace

Answer 5

Caspace 9

Question 6

Extrinsic apoptitic pathway caspace

Answer 6

Caspace 8
Caspace 10 (human)

Question 7

Necroptosis is caspace independent; is activates what complexes?

Answer 7

1. RIP 1 and RIP 3

Question 8

Russell bodies are seen in what cells?

Answer 8

Plasma cells producing excessive Immunoglobulins

Question 9

Lipofuschin is the wear and tear pigment; it is a sign of?

Answer 9

Free radical injury: (lipids inside complex)

Question 10

What substance is black in urine of alkaptonuria?

Answer 10

Homogentisic acid (ochronosis)

Question 11

Nutrient deficiency increases longevity by?

Answer 11

Decreasing IGF/insulin signaling leading to INCREASED sirtuins