Cells + transport test Flashcards
PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER:
Determines what
molecules can enter &
leave the cell based on
their charge & size.
CHOLESTEROL:
Located b/w the fatty
acids to stabilize &
strengthen the flexible cell
membrane.
Carrier Proteins:
change shape
while shuttling SPECIFICALLY
SHAPED substances across the
membrane.
CONCENTRATION
the amount of solute per
unit volume of solution.
examples of concentraion
distilled water, water &dye, Living cells
CONCENTRATION GRADIENT:
Difference in
solute concentration
b/w 2 areas.
EQUILIBRIUM:
Solute & H2O
molecules are
equally
distributed, &
continue moving
evenly in all
directions.
Passive transport
movement of molecules across membrane without using energy (High to Low)
Active transport
Movement of molecules across the membrane with the use of ATP energy (low to high)
Examples of passive transport
diffusion, osmosis
Examples of active transport
Endocytosis, and Extocytosis
DIFFUSION:
Movement of molecules
from high 🡪 low concentration
w/out use of ATP
energy (usable energy).
how do polymers that are too large get across the membrane
they must be hydrolyzed into monomers & then can
diffuse across the membrane.
OSMOSIS:
passive transport of water
HYPERTONIC SOLUTION:
solution that has a HIGHER concentration
of solute.
ISOTONIC SOLUTION:
the solutions outside of cell
and inside the cytoplasm
have an equal solute concentration
HYPOTONIC SOLUTION:
solution that has a lower concentration of
solute.
Plasmolysis:
cell membrane
pulls away from cell wall as
water leaves by osmosis.
Turgor Pressure:
the entering
water fills the central vacuole,
& cell membrane presses
against cell wall.
Endocytosis:
cell uses ATP
to take in substances by infolding
the cell membrane, forming a
vesicle
Exocytosis:
vesicle
fuses w/ cell membrane &
expels its contents (uses ATP).
Contractile vacuole function
Collects water
entering by osmosis & pumps it
out from Low 🡪 High concentration using
ATP, to prevent cell from
bursting!
ALL living cells…
1.Maintain homeostasis (dynamic
equilibrium):
2.Carry out metabolism: all the
chemical reactions (dehydration
synthesis & hydrolysis)
3.Carry out Life Functions!
LIFE FUNCTIONS: 3 R’S
Regulation – control/coordination of all life functions.
Reproduction – production of new individuals of a species.
Respiration – breaking down glucose (organic) to transfer its
energy to ATP molecules (containing usable energy that fuels
life functions).
LIFE FUNCTIONS: GEN
Growth – increase in cell size and cell #.
Excretion – elimination of cellular waste (nitrogenous wastes, carbon
dioxide, water, salt, etc.)
Nutrition – 1) Ingestion – taking in food (heterotrophs only) 🡪
autotrophs make their own food!
2) Digestion – breaking down food.
3) Egestion – eliminate solid waste.
LIFE FUNCTIONS: TS
Transport – includes the absorption, circulation, and
distribution of materials to cells (bloodstream) or within cells
(cytoplasm).
Synthesis – chemical reactions that combine small compounds to
make larger compounds.
Eukaryotes characteristics
Have a nucleus &
mitochondria!
Many specialized &
complex organelles.
DNA on chromosomes
inside the nucleus.
Eukaryote examples
Plants, animals, fungi &
protists.
Prokaryotes
No nucleus, no
mitochondria.
Very few organelles.
Cell is small & simple.
DNA/single chromosome
floats in cytoplasm (in
nucleoid region).
SINGLE-CELLED ORGANISM and examples
Organism made of 1 cell.
Ex. Bacteria & protists such as ameba,
euglena, paramecia
MULTI-CELLED ORGANISM and examples
Organism made up of many cells!
Ex. Animals, plants, some fungi
CELL SPECIALIZATION IN MULTI-CELLED
ORGANISMS:
Cells use different parts of
their genetic code to
perform specific functions
w/in an organism!
ORGANELLES:
Structures w/in a cell that carry out specific life functions.
Nucleus
Controls cell activities
(contains chromatin/
chromosomes).
CHROMATIN (CHROMOSOMES):
contains instructions
for making proteins!
NUCLEOLUS:
Makes
ribosomes.
CENTRIOLES:
Aid in cell division.
(In animal cells ONLY)
SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (SER):
Makes phospholipids!
* Transports substances.
* Decreases toxins.
ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER):
Modifies proteins made
by ribosomes & sends
them to the Golgi
Apparatus.
RIBOSOMES:
make proteins (protein
synthesis).
GOLGI APPARATUS:
Modifies proteins (adds
carbohydrate chains or lipids to
them) & packages them for
exocytosis or cell use!
VACUOLE:
Stores water,
wastes, proteins,
salts, food, etc.
until they are
used or
eliminated by
the cell.
LYSOSOMES:
Contain digestive
enzymes that break
down food, worn
out organelles &
foreign substances.
(In animal cells ONLY)
MITOCHONDRIA:
Conducts Cellular Respiration 🡪
breaks down glucose & transfers
the energy to ATP which fuels cell
activities!
CYTOPLASM:
Fluid-like substance
that transports
materials & holds
organelles “loosely”
in place.
CENTRAL VACUOLE:
Stores water & presses
against the cell
membrane & cell wall,
creating Turgor Pressure!
CELL WALL:
Provides support &
rigidity to the cell.
CHLOROPLAST:
Conducts
Photosynthesis:
absorbs light, H2O
& CO2
to make
GLUCOSE (food) &
O2
CYTOSKELETON:
Network of protein
filaments - help
maintain cell shape
& are involved in
cell movement.
MICROTUBULES:
Hollow tubes of protein.
MICROFILAMENTS:
Long thin protein fibers.
