Cells, Tissues, Organs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 characteristics of a cell

A

1) irritability : responds to stimulation
2) growth : goes through a life process of birth, development and death
3) spontaneous movement: movement originating and occurring within the cell
4) metabolism: takes in raw products, breaks them down and turns them into usable energy
5) reproduction: through cell division

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2
Q

cell membrane

A

selectively permeable double layer of molecules surround the outside of the cell

typically comes into play with inflammation and respiration

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3
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell, creates ATP to breakdown/give us energy

has own DNA/genome, only comes from mothers

10-20 in cell, not all the same can have different genomes

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4
Q

lysosome

A

breaks down material

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5
Q

golgi body

A

stores and delivers proteins

proteins for structural support, catalyze, antibodies, transport

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6
Q

centrioles

A

assist in cell division and microtubule formation

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7
Q

microtubules

A

support shape of the cell and movement of the organelles

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8
Q

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

stores and releases enzymes and calcium for muscle contraction

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9
Q

rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

produce, store and releases proteins

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10
Q

ribosomes

A

synthesize protein as directed by genetic information

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11
Q

Mitochondrial diseases

A

due to not defect in mitochondria, not enough energy due to lower levels / defects of ATP

as low as 1 in 4500 births

prevalence of dysarthria and dysphagia

genetic testing is the most reliable way to establish a diagnosis of a mitochondrial disorder

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12
Q

what are the 4 types of cells

A

epithelial cells: selectively absorb molecules and ions (like in the gut) or cover surfaces and form selective barriers (like in the skin)

connective tissue cells: form and secrete various types of extracellular connecting, anchoring, and supporting structures of the body

muscle cells (aka muscle fibres): produce mechanical forces, which in turn produce movement

nerve cells: initiate and conduct electrochemical information

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13
Q

What is a tissue and what are the 4 types

A

tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure that band together with extracellular material and function as a unit

types:
1) epithelial tissue
2) connective tissue
3) muscle tissue
4) nervous tissue

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14
Q

epithelial tissue

A

tissue that lines the internal and external surfaces of the body and the cavities of the body

very little extracellular material

described by shape, number of cell layers and location

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15
Q

epithelial tissues: shape

A

shape:
- squamous (flat/plate like)
- cuboidal (cube)
- columnar (column)

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16
Q

epithelial tissues: number of cell layers

A
  • simple (1 layer)
  • stratified (multiple layers)
  • pseudostratified (looks like more than one layer but cells are just different sizes)
17
Q

epithelial tissues: location

A

epithelial tissue proper: forms the skin and internal membranes continuous with the skin

endothelial: lines blood and lymph vessels, made of simple squamous cells

mesothelial: 2 layers, lines internal body cavities, secretes seroud fluid
- pericardial (heart)
- pleural (lungs)
- peritoneal (abdomen)

18
Q

connective tissue

A

tissue that combines or holds structures together, supports the body, and aids in maintenance

fewer cells than epithelial tissue but more extracellular substance

classified based on composition of the extracellular matrix (loose, dense, specialized)

19
Q

connective tissue: loose

A

fills spaces and hold organs, anatomic structures, and other tissues in place

20
Q

connective tissue: dense

A

more tightly packed collagen and elastic fibers (collagen = structure and strength, elastin = stretchiness)

able to tolerate higher degrees of tension

3 types:
1) tendons: join muscle to bone, cartilage, or other muscles
2) ligaments: join bone to bone, bone to cartilage, or cartilage to cartilage
3) fascia: covers and separates muscles into functional groups

21
Q

connective tissue: specialized

A

cartilage has 3 types
1) hyaline: most abundant type, foudn in rib cage, larynx and nose
2) elastic: very flexible found in the outer ear (pinna, external auditory meatus), epiglottis, cuneiforms, corniculates
3) fibrous: slightly compressible and can withstand great amounts of pressure, found in regions that support body weight (intervertenral discs) and temporormandibular joint

bone: minerals are mixed with matrix which provide more rigidity and hardness

blood: extracellular material is primarily water

22
Q

muscle tissue

A

tissue that enables movement due to its contractility

3 types: cardiac, smooth, skeletal

23
Q

muscle tissue: cardiac (myocardium)

A

forms middle layer of the heart

responsible for pumping blood

involuntary control

each cardiomyocyte has one nucleus, looks striated, branches to connect with other cells, and has man mitochondria

24
Q

muscle tissue: smooth

A

forms muscular portion of the visceral organs (lower esophagus, stomach, lungs) and found within blood vessels

controls size, shape, and movements

nonstriated

involuntary control

25
muscle tissue: skeletal (striated)
connects to skeletal framework and results in body movement during contraction larger muscle diameters = greater strength striated voluntary control predominant muscle tissue involved in speech production
26
muscle tissue levels overall
1) muscle (organ) 2) fascicle (tissue), bundle of this forms the muscle 3) muscle fiber (cell), bundles of this forms the fascicle 4) myofibril (organelle): muscle contraction, made up of myofilaments
27
nervous tissue
specialized to transmit information across distances via electrochemical means found in brain, spinal cord, peripheral nervous system 2 types: nerve cells (neurons), glial cells - neurons: send and receive infor -glia: supportive function (maintain extracellular, provide structural support, nutrients to neurons)
28
what are the structures in a neuron
cell body, dendrite, axon, myelin sheath, node of ranvier, axon terminal, synapse
29
cell body
aka soma metabolic centre for the neuron
30
dendrite
specialized processes where the majority of afferent input is received
31
axon (and hillock / terminal)
responsible for conducting the electrical impulse axon hillock: the proximal portion of the axon where the soma and the axon meet axon terminal: distal end of the axon which releases neurotransmitters
32
myelin sheath
insulating layer that facilitates conduction of electrical signal to move more quickly along the axon
33
node of ranvier
unmyelinated portions of the axon from which the action potential is observed to jump via saltatory conduction
34
synapse
space where the elctrochemical signal passes from one neuron to the next
35
what are the three main shapes of neurons
multipolar neuron: majority of brain neurons, motor function bipolar neuron: special senses (ie taste) unipolar neuron: sensory neurons
36
cell
smallest living unit of the body vary in shape, size and specific role
37
tissue
groups of connected cells that share a similar function each tissue has a characteristic role in processes related to communication
38
organ
structure composed of at least two diferent tissue types that work synergistically
39