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JAFFY Anatomy > Cells - Structure and Function > Flashcards

Cells - Structure and Function Flashcards

1
Q

cell theory

A
  • all life is composed of one or more cells
  • cell = basic unit of life
  • all cells come from other cells
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2
Q

prokaryotic cells + 2 types

A
  • no nucleus (nucleoid - SSC) or membrane-bound organelles
  • make up unicellular organisms
  • divide by binary fission
  • 2 types: bacteria and archaea (extremophiles)
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3
Q

eukaryotic cells + e.g.s

A
  • nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, plasma membrane, cytoskeleton
  • generally make up multicellular organisms
  • animals, plants, fungi, protists (unicellular)
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4
Q

why are cells small?

A
  • small = increased SA:V ratio = increased efficiency of diffusion etc.
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5
Q

what is a tissue and what are the 4 types?

A
  • cells working together to perform a similar function + ECM - aqueous CHO + protein
  • epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
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6
Q

4 levels of organisation

A
  • Cell: smallest unit of living things, building blocks, vary in shape, size, function (specialised)
  • Tissue: large numbers of the same type of cell
  • Organ: made of at least 2 tissue types that performs a specific function within the body
  • Organism: organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose
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7
Q

cytoplasm vs cytosol

A
  • cytosol = gel-like, fluid part of cell where most chemical reactions occur
  • cytoplasm = cytosol + cytoskeleton + organelles (except nucleus)
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8
Q

what is an inclusion?

A
  • anything else in the cell not an organelle
  • e.g. deposit of CHO, lipids, protein etc (may or may not be membrane-bound)
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9
Q

structure and function of nucleus

A
  • S = nuclear envelope (double membrane with pores)
  • chromatin (DNA and proteins which make up chromosomes)
  • nucleolus (formation of rRNA)
  • F = control cellular functions by coding for proteins as well as cell division
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10
Q

anuclear and polynuclear cell e.g.s

A
  • anuclear = RBCs, daughter cells resulting from incorrect cell division, keratinocytes, lens fibres, platelets (cell fragments)
  • polynuclear = skeletal and cardiac muscle fibres, daughter cells resulting from incorrect cell division
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11
Q

structure and function of mitochondrion

A
  • S = double membrane-bound organelle, inner membrane folds to form cristae and matrix inside
  • F = site of ATP synthesis via oxidative phosphorylation to provide energy for the cell (occur more in cells w higher demands e.g. sperm + skeletal muscle)
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12
Q

endosymbiotic theory + evidence

A
  • mitochondria + chloroplasts derived from bacteria
  • evidence e.g. own genome (mtDNA), double membrane
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13
Q

structure and function of ribosomes

A
  • S = not membrane-bound so not considered organelles, found ‘free’ or bound to RER, small and large subunit
  • F = site of protein synthesis (proteins for use within cell are synthesised on free ribosomes whereas proteins destined for exocytosis are synthesised by ribosomes on RER)
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14
Q

structure and function of RER

A
  • S = abundant in cells specialised for protein secretion (b/c ribosomes), composed of flat cisternae studded w/ ribosomes, continuous w/ nuclear membrane
  • F = folding and transport of polypeptides into transport vesicles
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15
Q

protein production pathway

A

nucleus > ribosome > RER > transport vesicle > Golgi > secretory vesicle

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16
Q

structure and function of SER

A
  • S = 3D network of tubular structures continuous w/ RER - abundant in liver cells for detox
  • F = synthesis of lipids and steroids as well as metabolism of CHO
17
Q

structure and function of Golgi apparatus

A
  • S = flattened, membranous sacs (cisternae) in a parallel arrangement (full of enzymes)
  • F = FMAP of proteins into secretory vesicles
18
Q

structure and function of lysosomes

A
  • S = membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes, made in RER and transported to Golgi > type of vesicle
  • F = digest substances no longer needed in cell
19
Q

structure and function of secretory vesicles

A
  • S = membranous sac produced by Golgi
  • F = store proteins until their release from cell and assist in their transport out of the cell (if relevant)
20
Q

structure and function of plasma membrane

A
  • S = phospholipid bilayer (separate internal and external) including cholesterol (rigidity b/c disrupts fluidity), proteins (communication and support) and CHO (recognition)
  • F = regulate inputs and outputs of cell, communication, interface between intra and extracellular environment
21
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer

A
  • polar (hydrophilic) head on outside
  • non-polar (hydrophobic) tail on inside
  • allows water, lipid-soluble molecules and small molecules e.g. O2 and CO2 through (selectively permeable) - from high to low conc
22
Q

why can we ‘see’ plasma membranes under a light microscope?

A
  • usually not visible to light microscope, only electron
  • however glycoproteins and glycolipids are embedded in the membrane and can be seen under the light microscope
23
Q

function of proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  • transport molecules across the membrane
  • enzymes which catalyse reactions at the membrane
  • provide links b/n membrane and cytoskeleton, ECM and adjacent cells
  • receptors for receiving and transducing chemical signals
24
Q

function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane

A
  • most extrinsic proteins form glycoproteins, there are significantly more glycoproteins than glycolipids (only on outside of cell)
  • F = cell-cell and cell-matrix recognition
25
Q

general features of bilayer membranes

A
  • asymmetrical: outer and inner layers are not the same (diff chains/biomacromolecules attached)
  • dynamic and fluid: lipids and proteins can move freely whereas monolayers have very little movement
26
Q

structure and functions of cytoskeleton

A
  • S = internal scaffold of special proteins made up of microtubules, microfilaments (actin filaments), intermediate filaments
  • F = movement of organelles within cell, maintaining shape of cell, cell movement (inc contraction), other specialised cell functions e.g. mitotic spindle
27
Q

structure and functions of microtubules

A
  • S = spiral ring of 13 subunits which can rapidly polymerise and depolymerise
  • F = give cell shape
  • control transport of substances in and out of cell
  • mitosis - formation of centrioles and spindle
  • component of cilia and flagella of sperm
28
Q

examples of motile cilia and non-motile stereocilia

A
  • motile (cilia): trachea and fallopian tubes (help transport/sweep) - 9 + 2
  • non-motile (stereocilia): most other cells (stick up internally into plasma membrane and protrude out to form hair-like projections) - 9 + 0
29
Q

microtubule structure of cilia, flagella and centrioles

A
  • motile cilia: 9 + 2 pattern (9 pairs of microtubules with 2 singlets in the middle) axoneme structure
  • non-motile stereocilia - 9 + 0
  • flagella: 9 + 2 (basal body is triplet)
  • centrioles: 9 microtubule triplets in a pinwheel arrangement which helps arrange microtubules which move chromosomes during mitosis. centrioles are found in pairs at right angles to each other and are depolymerised/broken down after mitosis
30
Q

structure and function of actin

A
  • S = very abundant in most cells, globular molecules arranged in double helix, usually in high concentration @ cell periphery
  • F = cell motility e.g. for phagocytosis
31
Q

describe myosin abundance

A
  • low abundance in most cells therefore cannot be seen by microscopy, high abundance in muscle cells (can be seen)
32
Q

microfilament structure and functions

A
  • S = actin and myosin filaments (mostly actin in non-muscle) mostly found @ periphery
  • F = help give cells shape, skeletal muscle contractions (in sarcomere), movement of cell and plasma membrane (e.g. exo/endocytosis), movement of organelles and vesicles, cleavage of mitotic cells (cytokinesis), reabsorption e.g. microvilli and PCT
33
Q

intermediate filaments

A
  • found in epithelium (e.g. skin) as well as other places
  • structural support to help keep cells together
  • when keratinocytes die, intermediate filaments sit on top of skin as keratin
34
Q

function of peroxisomes

A
  • oxidation of fatty acids using generated H2O2

JAFFY Anatomy (14 decks)

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