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Neuro (not zara) > Cells of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four lobes of the brain called?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital

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2
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Fine movement, balance and fine coordination

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3
Q

What is a soma?

A

A cell body

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4
Q

What is a unipolar neurone?

A

A neurone with one axonal projection

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5
Q

What is a bipolar neurone?

A

Where the cell body is in the middle of the axon

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6
Q

What is a pseudo-unipolar neurone?

A

single axonal projection splits into two, cell body is not embedded into the axon

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7
Q

What are the three shapes of the multipolar cells?

A

Pyramidal, Purkinje and golgi cells

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8
Q

How many cells do oligodendrocytes produce myelin for?

A

Myelinates many axons

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9
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Projections off the axon which receive signals from other neurones

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10
Q

What is an astrocyte? And what is its function?

A
  • Most abundant cell type
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11
Q

What is the function of the oligodendrocytes>

A

They produce myelin in the CNS

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12
Q

What is the function of a Schwann Cell?

A

Functions to produce myeline for the peripheral nervous system

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13
Q

how many axons does one schwaan cell myelinate?

A

One

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14
Q

what are microglial cells?

A

They are the immune cells of the Central Nervous System - similar to macrophages

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15
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Epithelial cells lining the ventricles that regulate the production of CSF

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16
Q

How is resting membrane potential generated?

A

3 Sodium ions pumped out for every 2 potassium ions that are pumped in
This results in a high concentration of Na+ outside the neurone, sets up a high concentration gradient so that sodium ions can flow in to generate an action potential

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17
Q

Is the inside of the neurone more positive or negative than the outside?

A

The inside is more negative - more positive charge is leaving then entering, therefore inside will be more negative

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18
Q

What helps to move the NA+ and K+ ions to generate resting membrane potential?

A

The Na+/K+ ion pump - Active transport so ATP dependant

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19
Q

Which ions are in high concentration outside the neurone?

A

Na+ and Cl-

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20
Q

Which ions are in high concentration inside the neurone?

A

K+

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21
Q

What can neurons be described as?

A
  • Excitable cells of CNS
  • Heterogenous morphology
  • Non dividing cells
22
Q

What is the resting membrane potential?

A

-70mV

23
Q

When the inside of the neurone becomes more negative, what is this known as ?

A

Hyperpolarisation

24
Q

When the inside of the neurone becomes more positive, what is this known as?

A

Depolarised

25
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

The junction between the motor neurone and muscle

26
Q

Describe what happens at the neuromuscular junction?

A
  1. Action potential arrives at the pre-synaptic bouton
  2. Ca2+ ion channels open
  3. Ca2+ binds to NT vesicles containing ACh
  4. They diffuse and ACh released into synaptic cleft through exocytosis
  5. ACh binds to nicotinic ACh receptors on sarcolemma of skeletal muscle
  6. Action potential then travels down the T Tubules which runs close to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
  7. The depolarisation of the sarcolemma causes the sarcoplasmic reticulum to release ca2+ which leads to muscle contraction
27
Q

What is botulism?

A

When botulinum toxin disrupts the ACh release from the pre-synaptic terminal - leads to muscle weakness

28
Q

What is the name of the condition where you produce autoantibodies against the nAChr’s on the skeletal muscle

A

Myasthenia gravis

29
Q

What is Lambert-Eaton Myastenic Syndrome?

A

An autoimmune disorder where you produce antibodies directed against voltage gated calcium channels

30
Q

What is the difference between Myasthenia Gravis and Lambert-Eaton Myastenic Syndrome?

A

MG = antibodies against nAChrs
Lambert- Eaton = antibodies against voltage gated calcium channels

31
Q

What are golgi cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

32
Q

What are purkinje cells?

A

GABA neurones found in the cerebellum

33
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Cells with Pyramid shaped cell bodies

34
Q

What are the three common features of neurones?

A

Soma, Axon and dendrites

35
Q

What is the difference between dendrites and axons?

A

Dendrites are highly branched and are not covered in myelin

36
Q

What can axons brnach off into?

A

Collaterals

37
Q

What are microglia?

A

Neuronal macrophages

38
Q

At resting membrane potential, what has happened to the Voltage-gated Na+ channels (VGSCs) & voltage-gated K+ channels (VGKCs) ?

A

They are closed

39
Q

What happens to the voltage gated sodium channels when the membrane undergoes depolarisation?

A

Sodium influx

40
Q

What causes membrane repolarisation?

A

VGKCs opens at a slower rate and causes  efflux of K+ from cell

41
Q

What pump restores the ion gradients across the membrane of a neurone?

A

Na+ / K+ ATPase pump restores the ion gradient

42
Q

How does the myelin prevent the AP from spreading?

A

because it has - high resistance & low capacitance

43
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

Small gaps of myelin intermittently along axon

44
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

The jumping of the AP between the nodes of ranvier

45
Q

What is a axodendritic cell?

A

connection between presynaptic terminal and a neuronal dendrite

46
Q

what is a axosomatic synapse?

A

Connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal soma

47
Q

What is a Axoaxonic synapse?

A

: connection between presynaptic terminal and neuronal axon

48
Q

What type of communication occurs between nerve and effector cells?

A

Paracrine communication - due to neurotransmitter release

49
Q

What is the pathophysiolgy of Botulism?

A

Botulinum toxin (BTx): irreversible disrupts stimulation-induced ACh release from presynaptic nerve terminal

50
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoimmune disorder: antibodies directed against Ach receptor.
Causes fatiguable weakness (becomes more pronounced with repetitive use)

51
Q

What is the pathophysiology of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS)

A

Autoimmune disorder: antibodies directed against voltage gated Ca2+ channels

Neuro (not zara) (10 decks)

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