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Neuro (not zara) > 1a Central Nervous System > Flashcards

1a Central Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sections of the brain called?

A

Forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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2
Q

What does the diencephelon consist of?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

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3
Q

What are the three compoents of the hind brain?

A

Cerebellum, pons and medulla

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4
Q

What are the four lobes called?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital

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5
Q

What does the frontal lobe do?

A

regulates motor function, language and cognitive function

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6
Q

What does the temporal lobe do?

A

Processes auditory information

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7
Q

What does the parietal lobe do?

A

Sensation, sensory aspects of language and spacial orientation

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8
Q

What doe the occipital lobe do?

A

Processes visual information

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9
Q

What does the insular cortex do?

A

visceral sensations and autonomic control

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10
Q

What does the limbic lobe include?

A

The hippocamus, amygdala, mamillary body and cingulate cortex

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11
Q

What is the limbic lobe concerned with?

A

Learning, memory, emotion, motivation and reward

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12
Q

What are the two layers of the dura called?

A

Meningeal and periosteal

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13
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges called?

A

Dura, arachnoid and pia

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14
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced?

A

The choroid Plexus of lateral, 3rd and 4th ventricles

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15
Q

What reabsorbs the CSF and into where?

A

arachnoid villi into superior sagittal sinus

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16
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A group of cell bodies of sensory neurones outside the CNS

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17
Q

What are the segments of the spinal cord and how many pairs of spinal nerves are in each?

A

Cervical - 8
Thoracic - 12
Lumbar - 5
Sacral - 5
Coccygeal - 1

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18
Q

At what levels does the spinal cord end?

A

L1/2

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19
Q

Where do spinal nerves C1-7 emerge?

A

Above the corresponding vertebrae

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves C8 to S5 emerge>

A

Below the corresponding vertebrae

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21
Q

Where do spinal nerves exit from?

A

Intervertebral foramina

22
Q

Where does cervical enlargement start and end?

A

Starts at C3 level and ends at T1

23
Q

What is the point of cervical enlargement between C3 and T1?

A

The cervical enlargement of the spinal cord is the source of the spinal nerves that contribute to the brachial plexus and supply the upper limbs.

24
Q

Where does the lumbar enlargement occur?

A

Extends between L1 and S2

25
Q

what is the point of the lumbar enlargement?

A

Contains the spinal nerves which innervate the lower limbs

26
Q

What do ascending tracts do?

A

Carry sensory information from the body to the CNS

27
Q

How many cells thick is the pia mater layer of the meninges ?

A

2

28
Q

Compare CSF to plasma?

A

CSF has a lower pH, less glucose, protein and potassium than plasma

29
Q

What are the two main ascending pathways called?

A

Dorsal column and spinothalamic tract

30
Q

What is the dorsal column for?

A

Fine touch, vibration and proprioception

31
Q

Where does the dorsal column take information from?

A

The skin and joints

32
Q

What is the spinothalamic tract for?

A

Pain, temperature and crude touch from the skin

33
Q

Which part of the spinothalamic tract takes information about crude touch?

A

Ventral spinothalmic tract

34
Q

What is the main descending pathway called?

A

Corticospinal tract

35
Q

Where do most of the upper motor neurones originate in the corticospinal tract?

A

primary motor cortex

36
Q

Where do most of the lower motor neurones originate in the corticospinal tract?

A

Brainstem and spinal cord

37
Q

Where do most lateral corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

medulla

38
Q

What do lateral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

limbs and digits

39
Q

When do anterior corticospinal neurones decussate?

A

In the spinal cord at the level in which they exit

40
Q

What do anterior ventral corticospinal tract neurones innervate?

A

The trunk

41
Q

What is the purpose of the corticobulbar tract?

A

Controls head, neck and spine

42
Q

Information from the lower limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract and synapses at which nucleus?

A

Gracile tract and gracile nucleus

43
Q

Information from the upper limbs and body travels ipsilaterally along which tract?

A

Cuneate

44
Q

Where do the gracile and cuneate tracts decussate?

A

Medulla

45
Q

Name the extra pyramidal tracts

A
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Tectospinal
  • Reticulospinal
  • Rubrospinal
46
Q

What does the vestibulospinal tract do?

A

Provides information about head movement and position and mediates postural adjustments

47
Q

What does the tectospinal tract do?

A

Orientation of the head and neck during eye movements

48
Q

What does the reticulospinal tract do?

A

Preparatory and movement related activities and
postural control

49
Q

What does the rubrospinal tract do?

A

Innervate lower motor neurons of the upper limb

Only becomes functional after injury to corticospinal tract

50
Q

Outline the dorsal column pathway

A

1) Primary neurone enters cord via dorsal horn and travels ipsilaterally up the cord along either the gracile or cuneate tracts
2) The neurone synapses onto second order neurones in either the gracile or cuneate nucleus
3) The second order neurones decussate in the medulla to form the contralateral medial lemniscus tract.
4) They then synapse onto third order neurones.
5) The third order neurones from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

51
Q

Outline the anterolateral pathway

A

1) Primary afferent axons synapses immediately upon entering the spinal cord
2) Second order neurones decussate immediately in the spinal cord at the level at which the neurone comes in to form spinothalamic tract
3) 2nd order neurones synapse in the thalamus
4) 3rd order neurones from the thalamus project to the somatosensory cortex

Neuro (not zara) (10 decks)

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