Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Host Defense Exam 1 > Cells of the Immune System > Flashcards

Cells of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What do BM stromal cells do?

A

provide support and growth factors for HSC maintenance and differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the fates of the common myeloid progenitor?

A

Thrombocytes, Erythrocytes, Mast cells, or

Myeloblast, which gives rise to: Basophils, Eosinophils, Neutrophils, Macrophage, Myeloid dendritic cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the fates of the common Lymphoid progenitor?

A

Lymphoid dendritic cell, NK cell, T cell, B cell –> Plasma cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What cytokines are required for myeloid differentiation?

A

IL-3, GM-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cytokine is required for Basophil differentiation

A

IL-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cytokine is required for Neutrophil differentiation?

A

G-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What cytokine is required for Eosinophil differentiation?

A

IL-5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What cytokine is required for lymphoid differentiation?

A

IL-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What cytokine is required for T cell differentiation?

A

IL-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cytokine is required for B cell differentiation?

A

IL-3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cytokine is required for monocyte differentiation?

A

GM-CSF, M-CSF

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is unique about the myeloid family? (are they innate or adaptive?)

A

ALL THE CELLS OF THE MYELOID LINEAGE ARE INNATE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe a myeloid lymphocyte

A

Comprise most of the innate immune system

First line of defense against a microbial infection

Responsible for presentation of antigen to the adaptive immune system

They are effector cells that can propagate or regulate an established immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of Neutrophils?

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Describe the mechanism of phagocytosis

A

A pathogen binds to a receptor on a macrophage or neutrophil, which then releases cytokines and inflammatory mediators

The phagocyte then engulfs the pathogen and internalizes it in a phagosome

The phagosome is acidified and fuses with a lysosome

The phagolysosome is filled with antimicrobial enzymes, and the pathogen is degraded (and displayed in the case of APCs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In addition to phagolysosome formation, what else do Neutrophils do?

A

release granules of other antimicrobial substances

Primary Granules (azurophilic): Direct toxic/enzymatic activity

Secondary granules (specific): free radical formation

17
Q

Where are neutrophils generally found, and are they short lived or long-lived?

A

Neutrophils are most often found in the blood (>70% of WBCs in the blood) but can extravasate into tissues if infected

Short lived –> generally will apoptose after one round of phagocytosis, death can help wall off an infection

18
Q

In addition to phagocytosis and granule release, how else can neutrophils kill invaders?

A

NETs (neutrophil extracellular traps)

19
Q

What are the general functions of Macrophages/Monocytes?

A

Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Antigen presentation

20
Q

How do macrophages recognize foreign stuff? Is it specific?

A

Macrophages are innate, so not specific, but have receptors such as TLRs, LPS receptors(CD14), Mannose receptors, glucan receptors, scavengar receptors that help them recognize foreign stuff

21
Q

What is the general function of dendritic cells?

A

Antigen uptake in peripheral sites and antigen presentation to naive T cells

22
Q

Describe the process of a dendritic cell presenting Ag to a T cell

A

The dendritic cell will recognize a pathogen, phago- or pinocytose it, migrate to a lymph node, and present it to a T cell

23
Q

What are the general functions of an eosinophil and where are they found?

A

Killing of Ab coated parasites via granule release

Found in sub-epithelial connective tissue

24
Q

What are the components of eosinophil granules and what are their functions?

A

Major basic protein: toxic, stimulate histamine release from mast cells

Eosinophil collagenase: remodels connective tissue matrix

Leukotrienes: smooth muscle contraction, vascular permeability, increased mucus secretion

Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin: helps paralyze pathogen

25
Q

Are eosinophils involved in allergic response?

A

Yes - can help sustain allergic reactions, chronically can lead to tissue remodeling

26
Q

What are the general functions of mast cells?

A

Release granules containing histamine and active agents - the “doorkeepers” allowing other cells to come to the site of infection and do their job

have basophilic granules rich in histamine and heparin

27
Q

Where are mast cells found?

A

vascularized connective tissue below the epithelium

28
Q

What are the general functions of Basophils?

A

immunity against parasites

participates in immune response

have basic granules like mast cells

29
Q

What are the general characteristics of the lymphoid cell?

A

Includes innate NK cells and adaptive lymphocytes

Generated in primary lymphoid organs: T cells in the thymus, and B cells in the bone marrow (along wth NK cells)

Circulate in the blood and often stop off at secondary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal lymphoid tissue)

30
Q

What are the general functions of a NK cell?

A

Recognize cells that don’t look right: release lytic granules that kill some virally infected cells and tumors

Contain viral infections while T cells expand

induce apoptosis

31
Q

Are NK cells innate or adaptive?

A

They are INNATE! Their genetics do not change

32
Q

What are the general functions of naive lymphocytes?

A

will differentiate into an effector B cell (plasma cell) or effector T cell

gives lasting immunological immunity

33
Q

What are the characteristics of a B cell?

A

Have surface B cell receptors that are variant

recognize a specific antigen

proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells upon recognition of Ag

34
Q

What are the characteristics of a plasma cell?

A

Effector form of B cell that produces Ab against a specific Ag

35
Q

What are the characteristics of a T cell?

A

Commander in Chief - variant receptors, will proliferate and differentiate after encounter with Ag

Cytotoxic T cells: like NK cells (but slower to action) directly kill infected cells

Helper T cells: orchestrate antibody and macrophage responses

Host Defense Exam 1 (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions