Cells - Module 2 Flashcards
Describe the process of translation.
In translation, the tRNA will travel to the cytoplasm to retrieve an amino acid. It will then bind to the ribosome which has the mRNA. The anti-codon of the tRNA will match the codon of the mRNA and then facitilite the formation of peptide bonds between the amino acids. A site is where tRNA enters the ribosome, P site is where it holds the growing polypeptide chain and E site is where tRNA exits.
Where does translation occur?
All translation occurs on free ribosomes.
Define the terms promoter, tata box binding protein, upstream, 5 to 3, template strand, RNA polymerase, and polyadenylation signal.
Promoter is the start line of a specific sequence in DNA. Tata box binding protein is a type of protein helps the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter. Upstream is the 5’ end of the coding strand (beginning) where the promoter is located. RNA polymerase is the enzyme that synthesis RNA. Polyadenylation signal occurs when the end of copying the DNA template strand.
Describe the difference of apoptosis and autophagy.
Apotosis is orgasmed cell death and autophagy occurs when damaged organnels are degraded. Lysosomes are involved in autophagy.
What is the function of tumour suppressor genes and give examples.
They inhibit uncontrolled cell division and promote cell cycle regulation. However, when they become mutated, they cannot control the cell regulation so it increase proliferation. Cell regulation is the process for checking damage to the cell. p53, BRCA1, andBRCA2.
What are Phosphatases?
Phosphatases catalyze the process of dephosphorylation, which is the removal of phosphate groups from proteins.
Difference between mitosis and meiosis?
Mitosis produces two genetically identical diploid daughter cells. Meiosis results in four genetically diverse haploid gametes.
Where does transcription occur?
Nucleus
What is phosphofructokinase?
In order for glycolysis to progress to the pyruvate oxidation stage, there must be high concentrations of AMP (which occurs when the cell requires aerobic respiration to produce ATP). This stimulates the action of phosphofructokinase.
Glycolysis does not progress to the pyruvate oxidation stage of cellular respiration if there are high concentrations of citrate and ATP (because these are the products of cellular respiration, and high concentrations indicate that sufficient cellular respiration is occurring). High concentrations of citrate and ATP therefore inhibit phosphofructokinase.
What is the difference between protooncogenes and oncogenes?
Proto-ocogenes are normal genes that play essential roles in regulating cell growth, division, and differentiation. Onocogenes are genes that are mutated proto-oncogenens. Oncogenes promote uncontrolled cell division and can lead to the development of cancer.
