Cells, Microscope and movement Flashcards
What are the 7 characteristics of living things?
- Movement, 2. Respiration, 3. Sensitivity, 4. Growth, 5. Reproduction, 6. Excretion, 7. Nutrition
Remember: MRS GREN
What is the function of the cell membrane?
The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell.
What is the function of the cytoplasm?
The cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions.
What is the function of the mitochondria?
The mitochondria is the site of respiration.
What is the function of the chloroplast?
The chloroplast is in plant cells only. It is the site of photosynthesis.
What is the function of the nucleus?
The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It contains the DNA.
What is the function of the cell wall?
The cell wall is the layer on the outside of the plant cell. It gives strength and support to the plant.
What is the function of the vacuole?
The vacuole is found in plant cells only. It stores cell sap (food) for the plant.
Which part of the microscope do you look through?
The eyepiece lens.
Which part of the microscope do you place the glass slide on?
The stage.
Which objective lens should you use first?
The low power objective lens.
How do you calculate total magnification?
Multiply eyepiece lens x objective lens.
How is a nerve cell specialised?
It is long and thin to transmit messages.
How are red blood cells specialised?
They have no nucleus, so they can transport more oxygen. They are very small and disc shaped.
How are sperm cells specialised?
They have a streamlined head and a long tail. They have lots of mitochondria to release lots of energy. This allows them to ‘swim’ long distances.
How are root hair cells specialised?
They are long and have a large surface area. This means they can absorb lots of water and nutrients from the soil.
They are underground so they do not have any chloroplasts.
What is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
How does temperature affect the rate of diffusion?
- Increased temperature will give the particles more energy. This increases the rate of diffusion.
What is a unicellular organism?
A unicellular organism is an organism made up of only one cell.
Give an example of a unicellular organism.
Bacteria, amoeba, Euglena are all unicellular organisms.
How do unicellular organisms reproduce?
They reproduce by binary fission.
Which type of cell does not have a nucleus?
Red blood cell
A sperm cell has a tail to help it swim. What is the scientific name for this tail?
Flagellum
What substance is the plant cell wall made up of?
It is made of a carbohydrate called cellulose
Where does respiration take place
The mitochondria
What is the function of nerve cells?
Nerve cells transmit ‘messages’ to the brain and muscles.
All cells that have a nucleus are also called…
Eukaryotic cells
Cells that do not have a nucleus are also called…
Prokaryotic cells
Name 2 differences between a plant cell and an animal cell.
- A plant cell has a cell wall whereas animal cell does not.
- A plant cell has chloroplast whereas an animal cell does not.
- A plant cell has a large vacuole whereas an animal cell does not.
What is the name of the piece of glass you put your specimen on when using a microscope?
Glass slide and then cover it with a cover slip
What are the main functions of the skeleton?
The skeleton provides support, protection, movement, and makes blood cells.
What is the scientific name for the collarbone?
The clavicle.
What is the name of the long bone in the upper leg?
Femur
Which bones are fixed/fused together to protect the brain?
Cranium
What type of joint is found in the shoulder and hip?
A ball-and-socket joint.
What type of joint is found in the elbow and knee?
A hinge joint.
What is the role of cartilage in joints?
Cartilage reduces friction and acts as a cushion between bones.
Name the two types of muscles in an antagonistic muscle pair.
The agonist (contracting muscle) and the antagonist (relaxing muscle).
Give an example of an antagonistic muscle pair in the arm.
The biceps and triceps of the upper arm.
How do muscles cause movement?
Muscles contract and pull on bones, which act as levers to create movement.
What is the role of tendons?
Tendons attach muscles to bones.
What is the smallest bone in the human body, and where is it located?
The stapes (stirrup) bone in the middle ear.
What is a joint?
A joint is a place where two or more bones meet.
How do ligaments help in joint movement?
Ligaments connect bones to each other and provide stability to joints.
What is the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles?
Voluntary muscles are under conscious control (e.g., biceps), while involuntary muscles work automatically (e.g., heart).
How do antagonistic muscle pairs work together?
When one muscle contracts (agonist), the other muscle relaxes (antagonist) to allow movement.
What is the purpose of the ribcage?
The ribcage protects vital organs such as the heart and lungs.
What substance is found inside bones and helps make blood cells?
Bone marrow.
