Cells involved in Inflammation Flashcards
what are polymorphonuclear white blood cells?
they are a subtype of leukocyte white bloodd cells which include, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
polymorphonuclear white blood cells are also granulocytes, what does this mean?
they contain and release granules
what granules is released from neutrophils?
protein and substances that help fight infection
what granules is release from mast cells and basophils?
histamine which triggers a defensive inflammatory response
where do PMNs develop from?
haematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
what are the two pathways the blood forming cells develop down?
the lymphoid cell cline where cells become lymphocytes
the myeloid cell line where cells become different types of PMNs and other blood cells
where are PMNs commonly found?
in the blood (apart from mast cells) however, they often also move to different sites in the body where they are needed
which type of immune response are the PMNs involved in?
the innate immune response
what do neutrophils do?
they are the first-line of defence against bacteria, viruses and fungal infections
what does the body do what there is tissue injury?
releases chemotactic factors to attract neutrophils
what are eosinophils involved in?
allergic reactions and also fight parasitic infections?
what are basophils involved in?
allergic reactions, secrete histamine to cause inflammation
what are mast cells involved in?
respiratory and digestive conditions, the connective tissue mast cells trigger inflammation and the mucosal mast cells keep the gut in balance
where do lymphocytes develop?
in the bone marrow and travel to perform various functions within the lymphatic system
what do lymph nodes do?
they filter lymph so that Bactria, viruses, parasites, fungo and other invaders can be isolated and neutralised by lymphocytes
what are the two types of lymphocytes?
B cells and T cells
what are b cells involved in
adaptive, antibody-driven immunity
what are the two types of b cells?
plasma cells (produce antibody’s to target foreign invaders) and memory b cells \9help remember foreign invaders for acquired immunity
what are T cells mainly involved in?
adaptive, cell-mediated immunity
how do T cells differ from b cells in immunity?
Does not involve antibodies but instead directly target or kills foreign cells
where do T cells develop and migrate to?
Travel from bone marrow to a small gland located called the thymus → here they mature and specialise
what do cytotoxic T cells do?
directly target and attack foreign invaders like bacteria, viruses and certain cancer cells
what do helper T cells do?
recruit and coordinate other immune cells to help fight infection
what do natural killer T cells do?
can kill certain tumour cells and also target infected cells for destruction. Function as part of innate immune response
what do regulatory T cells do?
adjust the immune response to avoid overreaction that can cause the body harm
what do memory T cells do?
‘remember’ foreign invaders so that a new attack can be launched if the invader returns
what are macrophages?
type of white blood cell
what do macrophages do?
- engulf and digest microorganisms
- clear out debris and dead cells
- stimulate other cells involved in immune function
- confer innate immunity
- secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines
- form from monocytes, which derived from the bone marrow
what is the major role of M1 macrophages
detect, engulf and destroy bacteria through phagocytosis
what is phagocytosis?
process by which cells ingest or engulf other cells or particles
what other functions do M1 macrophages do
promote inflammation, extracellular matrix destruction, apoptosis of invading cells by releasing various cytokines and nitric oxide to aid in cellular destruction, as well as antigen presentation
what is the role of M2 macrophages?
regeneration of connective tissue during wound healing and also phagocytose bacteria and damaged tissue around the wound
what do M2 macrophages produce?
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and (TGF)-B1 which allows for vascular stability and wound repair
