Acute inflammatory response Flashcards
what factors can stimulate the acute inflammatory response?
microorganisms, physical agents, chemicals, inappropriate immunological responses, tissue death
what does the inflammatory response act as
the bridging mechanism to localise and contain the infection in the period from 4-96 hours after onset between the innate immune response and the specific cellular immune response
why do you feel hot when during the acute inflammatory response?
inflammatory mediators such as bradykinin and histamine causes blood vessels in the injured tissue to vasodilate which causes more blood flow causing more red in colour
why do you feel pain when during the acute inflammatory response?
release of both histamine, bradykinin and prostaglandins at site of injury triggers neurone to send pain signals to the brain and causes pain in that area
why is there swelling during the acute inflammatory response?
more tissue fluid to diffuse into the inflamed tissue
why is there loss of function during the acute inflammatory response?
Local nerve endings are stimulated at the site of injury from mechanical and chemical mediators.
what are the mediators in vasodilation?
Histamine, Bradykinin, Complement, Leukotrienes, Prostaglandins
what are the mediators in mast cell degranulation?
complement
what are the mediators in chemotaxis?
Interleukins, Complement, Histamine
what are the mediators in lysosomal granule release?
Complement, Interleukins
what are the mediators in phagocytosis?
complement
what are the mediators in pain?
Prostaglandins, Bradykinin, Histamine
what are the mediators in fever?
Interleukins, TNF-α, Prostaglandins
what is the purpose of microvascular coagulation in inflammation?
confine infection and prevent its spread
what is the role of the upregualtion of the costimulatory molecules such as MHC?
encourgae activation of the adaptive immune system
what is the localised effects on local tissues in the acute inflammatory response?
- Activation of endothelial cells to display adhesion molecules
- Vasodilation
- Increased vascular permeability
why is the clotting system is activated in inflammatory response?
Increases the production of fibrinogen by the liver and clotting cascade leads to clotting of blood to help limit entry of pathogens into the blood stream
what does activation of the kinin system cause?
bradykinin release causes contraction of airway smooth muscle, vasodilation, increased vascular permeability and pain
What cells are recruited and activated in the acute inflammatory response?
macrophages are activated
monocytes are recruited to site of inflammation and become macrophages
mast cells and basophils are activated and release more cytokines
eosinophils are activated and release more cytokines
neutrophils are recruited to site of inflammation for phagocytosis
how do neutrophils and macrophages respond to inflammation?
by releasing even more cytokines
How is IL-1 involved in the acute phase response?
IL-1 act on the central nervous system to cause fever, lethargy and anorexia
How is IL-6 involved in the acute phase response?
IL-6 simulates the liver to produce acute phase proteins (opsonins)
How is IL-8 involved in the acute phase response?
IL-8 recruits and activates neutrophils
How is IL-2 and IL-12 involved in the acute phase response?
IL-2 and IL-12 activate natural killer cells
How is tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) involved in the acute phase response?
Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) has the same action of all of the interleukins above
