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MCD > Cells intro > Flashcards

Cells intro Flashcards

1
Q

Recall the organisation of cells into an organism

A 
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
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2
Q

What is the density of cells

A

1.06

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3
Q

What are cells usually measured in

A

volume (nano litres)

weight (density)

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4
Q

What is the size of a typical cell

A

25nm

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5
Q

What are the predominant types of molecules in a cell

A 
Proteins
Amino acids
Lipids
Sugars and carbohydrates
RNA
DNA
Ions
Cholesterol
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6
Q

Describe the movement of cells and molecules in the cells

A

Brownian motion - movement is spontaneous

Other forms of movement require energy

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7
Q

What are the main functions of blood

A 
Transport
Heat distribution
Immunity 
Haemostasis
Homeostasis
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8
Q

What are the major components of blood

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Plasma
Platelets

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9
Q

Explain the basic structure of haemoglobin

A

Quaternary structure protein with 4 polypeptide chains, each containing a haem group (Fe 2+)
When oxygen binds deoxyhaem becomes oxyhaem and Fe 2+ is oxidised to Fe 3+

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10
Q

Describe co-operative binding of haemoglobin

A

As first oxygen binds the structure becomes looser allowing other oxygen molecules to bind more easily (co-operative binding)

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11
Q

What is the role of haemoglobin

A

Transports O2 to tissues

CO binds much more easily (200x) and will prevent O2 from binding

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12
Q

Describe the structure of an erythrocyte

A

Concave disk for larger SA so quicker diffusion
Flexible so can flatten and squeeze through vessels
Formed from stem cells and when it still has ribosomes it is known as a reticulocyte
No nucleus - no DNA - no proteins - short life span

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13
Q

How is MCV found

A

Measure the MCV by finding haematocrit via centrifuging and dividing by the cell count

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14
Q

Explain the response to low oxygen concentration in the blood

A
  1. Kidney releases erythropoietin
  2. Marrow stem cells differentiate
  3. More red blood cells with harm produced
  4. Oxygen concentration increases
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15
Q

Why do men have a higher RBC count than females

A

Triggers erythropoietin release so males have a higher red blood cell count

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16
Q

Define anaemia

A

Anaemia is a lack of haemoglobin low haemoglobin concentration

17
Q

Classify the types of anaemia according to red blood cell volume

A

Macrocytic : MCV too large, associated with deficiency in vitamin B12 which leads to deficiency in Folic acid (pregnancy) (needed for thymine synthesis) - failure of DNA synthesis and cell division
Normocytic : acute blood loss
Microcytic : MCV too small, associated with slow bleeding such as with menstruation failure of haemoglobin synthesis, GIT lesions, cancers and parasitic infections

18
Q

Define leukocytosis and leukopenia

A

leukocytosis - leukocytes and platelets increase during infection
leukopenia - leukocytes and platelets decrease e.g. during chemotherapy

19
Q

What are polymorphonuclear granules

A

Different shaped nuclei
multi lobed nuclei in neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Segmented nucleus full of granules
First to the seen, attaching to vessels

20
Q

List the major functions of plasma

A

Exert osmotic pressure to maintain MCV
albumins - carrier
Globulin - carrier
Fibrinogen - clotting and platelet aggregation

21
Q

What is the function of cholesterol in the phospholipid bilayer

A

decreases permeability and affects stiffness and interactions with the cytoskeleton

22
Q

How are the membrane proteins contained in lateral movement

A

Intracellular fences consisting of the actin cytoskeleton

23
Q

Explain how the proportion of protein to lipid is important for function

A

Myelin sheath has a higher proportion of lipid for insulation
Mitochondrial inner membranes have more proteins for the ETC proton pumps

24
Q

What is the relationship between membrane proteins and fluidity

A

More membranes gives greater fluidity

25
Q

Explain the movement of sodium and potassium ions across the cell membrane

A

Sodium potassium pump (antiporters)

2 potassium in, 3 sodium out

26
Q

Explain how the entry of glucose and amino acids into the cell is coupled to ATP dependent transport

A

Example - glucose reabsorption in the proximal tubule in the kidney
Glucose is absorbed from the filtrate to the higher concentration in the cell
Glucose binds to a specific glucose transporter (symport)
Facilitated transport - co-transport with Na+

27
Q

Explain how external chemical signals can be sensed at the interior of a cell

A

Some signals are lipid-soluble molecules e.g. steroid hormones, prostaglandins
Many impermeable signals rely on trans-membrane receptors

28
Q 
Give an example of each of the infectious agents:
bacteria
virus
protozoa
fungi
Helminth parasite
A 
Bacteria: Shigella
Virus: HIV
Protozoa: Malaria
Fungi: Candida Albicans
Helminth Parasite: Tapeworms, Flatworms, roundworms
29
Q

Explain how bacteria replicate

A

Binary fission

Cell elongates and circular DNA replicates

30
Q

What are the distinguishing features of bacteria

A

Cytoskeleton not well defined
Cell wall of peptide-glycan
Various routes of infection

31
Q

Explain how viruses replicated

A

Retroviruses produce DNA from RNA using reverse transcriptase
Requires a host cell

32
Q

Describe protozoa

A

Eukaryote, single cell
Complex life cycle which can involve two or more hosts
Intestinal, blood and tissue parasites
Infection via ingestion or vector

33
Q

Explain how protozoa replicate

A

Infection via ingestion or vector

34
Q

Describe fungi

A

Eukaryote, single cell
Yeast or filament
Causes cutaneous, mucosal, or systemic mycoses

35
Q

Explain how fungi replicate

A

May be filaments (cross-walls) or will bud and divide

36
Q

Describe helminth parasites

A 
Eukaryote, multicellular
Can have a life cycle outside of the host
Visible to the naked eye
Metazoa
Life cycle complexity varies

MCD (13 decks)

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