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Science 8th Grade > Cells, DNA, Ecosystems, Relationships > Flashcards

Cells, DNA, Ecosystems, Relationships Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Hooke discover?

A

Called empty spaces “cells.

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2
Q

What did Leeuwenhoek discover?

A

Found 1 celled organisms

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3
Q

What did Schleiden discover?

A

all plants are made of cells

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4
Q

What did Schwann discover

A

all animals are made of cells

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5
Q

What did Virchow discover

A

Cell are formed from other living cells

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6
Q

What was the name of the scientist who called empty spaces “cells?”

A

Hooke

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7
Q

What was the name of the scientist who discovered 1 celled organisms?

A

Leeuwenhoek

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8
Q

What was the name of the scientist who discovered all plants are made of cells

A

Schleiden

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9
Q

What was the name of the scientist who discovered all animals are made of cells

A

Schwann

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10
Q

What was the name of the scientist who discovered cells are formed from other living cells

A

Virchow

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11
Q

Cell Theory main points are:
- All living things are composed of ____
- Cells are the _____ structure of living things that can perform the processes necessary for life
- Living cells can only come from _____ living cells

A
  • cells
  • smallest
  • others
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12
Q

The 6 elements of cell theory state
- All living organisms are made of _____
- Cells are the basic building block of ____
- Cells arise from _____ cells
- ______ information is passed from cells
- All cells have the basic chemical _____
- _____ flow occurs within cells

A
  • cells
  • life
  • pre-existing
  • Hereditary
  • composition
  • Energy
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13
Q

What are the 2 types of cell organelles?

A
  • animal cell
  • plant cell
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14
Q

What are the 6 structures the 2 types of cell organelles have in common?

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • endoplasmic reticulum
  • vacuole
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15
Q

What are the 2 structures the 2 types of cell organelles do not have in common?

A
  • cell wall
  • chloroplasts
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16
Q

Which cell organelle contains cell walls and chloroplasts

A
  • plant cells
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17
Q

A nucleus contains the cell’s ____ and serves as the ____ for the cell

A
  • DNA
  • brain
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18
Q

A cell membrane controls the ____ that come ___ and __ of the cell

A
  • materials
  • in
  • out
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19
Q

Cytoplasm is a constantly moving ____-like substance that surrounds the ____.

A
  • jelly
  • organelles
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20
Q

Mitochondria supplies, stores and produces ____ for the cell

A

energy

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum allows materials to travel ____ the cell

A

throughout

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22
Q

Vacuole serves as a _____ _____ for water and other materials. Plants have ___ large one while animals have _____ small ones

A
  • storage container
  • 1
  • multiple
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23
Q

____ contains the cell’s DNA and serves as the brain for the cell

A

Nucleus

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24
Q

____ controls the materials coming in and out of the cell

A

Cell membrane

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25
Q

_____ is a constantly moving jelly-like substance that surrounds the organelles

A

Cytoplasm

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26
Q

_____ supplies, stores and produces energy for the cell

A

Mitochondria

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27
Q

_____ _____ allows materials to travel throughout the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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28
Q

_____ serves as a storage container for water and other materials

A

Vacuole

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29
Q

A plant cell has one large ____

A

vacuole

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30
Q

An animal cell has multiple small _____

A

vacuoles

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31
Q

The cell wall provides _____ and ____ to the plant cell

A
  • strength
  • structure
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32
Q

Chloroplasts contain _____ and are where ____ occurs

A
  • chlorophyll
  • photosynthesis
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33
Q

The ____ ____ provides strength and structure to the plant cell

A

Cell Wall

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34
Q

____ contain chlorophyll and are where photosynthesis occurs

A

Chloroplasts

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35
Q

What are the 3 phases of the cell cycle

A
  • Stage 1: Interphase
  • Stage 2: Mitosis
  • Stage 3: Cytokinesis
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36
Q

What happens in the Interphase phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell grows and copies DNA

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37
Q

What happens in the Mitosis phase of the cell cycle?

A

Cell divides itself

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38
Q

What happens in the Cytokinesis phase of the cell cycle?

A

2 new cells are formed

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39
Q

What are the 4 stages of mitosis

A

1) prophase
2) metaphase
3) anaphase
4) telophase

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40
Q

What happens in the Prophase stage of mitosis?

A
  • cell membrane disappears
  • chromosomes are visible
  • nucleolus disappears
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41
Q

What happens in the Metaphase stage of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosome pairs line up in the middle (Center) of the cell
  • spindle fibers attached to center of each chromosome
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42
Q

What happens in the Anaphase stage of mitosis?

A
  • Chromosome pairs in the cell pull apart/split
  • each half is pulled to opposite side of cell
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43
Q

What happens in the Telophase stage of mitosis?

A
  • chromosomes cluster in the center of each new cell
  • 2 new cells being to form
  • nuclear membrane begins to form/cell pinches in the middle
  • cells begin to separate
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44
Q

What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- cell membrane disappears
- chromosomes are visible
- nucleolus disappears

A

Prophase

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45
Q

What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- Chromosome pairs line up in the middle (Center) of the cell
- spindle fibers attached to center of each chromosome

A

Metaphase

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46
Q

What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- Chromosome pairs in the cell pull apart/split
- each half is pulled to opposite side of cell

A

Anaphase

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47
Q

What phases of mitosis has the following things happen?
- chromosomes cluster in the center of each new cell
- 2 new cells being to form
- nuclear membrane begins to form/cell pinches in the middle
- cells begin to separate

A

Telophase

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48
Q

What phase of the cell cycle does the cell grow and copy its DNA?

A

Interphase

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49
Q

What phase of the cell cycle does the cell divides itself?

A

Mitosis

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50
Q

What phase of the cell cycle are 2 new cells are formed ?

A

Cytokinesis

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51
Q

What scientist is called the Father of modern genetics?

A

Mendel

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52
Q

What scientist first took pictures of the double helix DNA?

A

Franklin

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53
Q

What scientist created the first 3D model of DNA?

A

Watson & Crick

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54
Q

Mendel was known as?

A

Father of modern genetics

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55
Q

Franklin is known for doing what?

A

taking the first picture of the double helix DNA

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56
Q

Watson & Crick are known for doing what?

A

creating the first 3D model of DNA

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57
Q

Examples of Inherited Genes include
- Coded in your ____
- Received from biological ____
- Passed to ____
- hair ____, eye ____, animal ____, etc.
- Sometimes called ____

A
  • DNA
  • parents
  • offspring
  • color, color, migrations
  • instinct
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58
Q

Examples of Non Inherited Traits include
- Not coded in your ____
- Things that ___ to you or things you ____
- ____ passed to offspring
- broken ____, learning to ride a ____, scars, etc.

A
  • DNA
  • happen, learn
  • Not
  • bones, bike
59
Q

____ are segments of a chromosome that code for traits

A

Genes

60
Q

omosomes are in the ____

A

nucleus

61
Q

Double helix shape (side made of ___ & ____) with rungs made of ____ bases

A
  • sugar
  • phosphate
  • nitrogen
62
Q

A pairs with ___

A

T

63
Q

C pairs with ___

A

G

64
Q

___ pairs with T

A

A

65
Q

___ pairs with G

A

C

66
Q

A pairs with T
- A stands for ____
- T stands for ____

A

Adenosine
Thymine

67
Q

C pairs with G
- C stands for ____
- G stands for ____

A
  • Cytosine
  • Guanine
68
Q

____ is an organism’s genetic information

A

Genotype

69
Q

____ is the set of observable physical traits

A

Phenotype

70
Q

Genotype is an organism’s _____ information

A

Genetic

71
Q

Phenotype is the set of _____ physical traits

A

observable

72
Q

Define alle

A

1 of 2 forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome

73
Q

1 of 2 forms of a gene that are found at the same place on a chromosome

A

Alle

74
Q

Define Genotype

A

set of alles an individual has for a gene

75
Q

The set of alles an individual has for a gene

A

Genotype

76
Q

Define Phenotype

A

physical trait an individual has for a gene

77
Q

The physical trait an individual has for a gene

A

Phenotype

78
Q

Define biosphere

A

all the organisms on Earth where they exist

79
Q

What is the word for “all the organisms on Earth where they exist”

A

biosphere

80
Q

Define biome

A

distinct ecological communities of plants and animals living together in a particular climate

81
Q

What is the word for “distinct ecological communities of plants and animals living together in a particular climate”

A

Biome

82
Q

Define ecosystem

A

a community of living organisms and their interrelated environment, including biotic and abiotic factors

83
Q

What is the word for “a community of living organisms and their interrelated environment, including biotic and abiotic factors”

A

Ecosystem

84
Q

Define community

A

a collection of all the different populations that live in one area

85
Q

What is the word for “a collection of all the different populations that live in one area”

A

Community

86
Q

Define population

A

all the individuals of a species that live in the same area

87
Q

What is the word for “all the individuals of a species that live in the same area”

A

population

88
Q

Define organism

A

an individual member of a population who fulfills it niche (role played in the ecosystem)

89
Q

What is the word for “an individual member of a population who fulfills it niche (role played in the ecosystem)”

A

Organism

90
Q

Symbiotic relationships exist between 2 or more organisms of ____ species the live closely together

A

different

91
Q

What is an example of mutualism

A

Bees and flowers

92
Q

What is an example of commensalism

A

Sharks and remora fish

93
Q

Parasitism

A

Humans and mosquitoes

94
Q

Define the word Phototrophism

A

Movement of plants towards sunlight

95
Q

Phototrophism is the movement of plants towards ____

A

sunlight

96
Q

Protection is a common adaptation - define it and give examples

A

body parts that protect a species
- shells
- spikes

97
Q

Chemical defense is a common adaptation - define it and give examples

A

fluids or gases that burn or smell
- skunk

98
Q

Camouflage is a common adaptation - define it and give examples

A

blend into environment
- caterpillar on a leaf

99
Q

Warning coloring is a common adaptation - define it and give examples

A

alerts predators that they are poisonous to eat
- monarch butterfly

100
Q

Warning coloration alerts predators that the animal/plant is ____ to eat

A

poisonous

101
Q

Charles Darwin proposed that species gradually change over time as they become better ____ to new conditions through natural selection

A

adapted

102
Q

Define natural selection

A

organisms better adapted to their environment will surive to reproduce

103
Q

What is the term for “organisms better adapted to their environment will surive to reproduce”

A

Natural Selection

104
Q

Define autotrophs (producers)

A

produce their own food from sunlight

105
Q

Autotrophs produce their own food from ____

A

sunlight

106
Q

Another word for producer

A

autotroph

107
Q

Define heterotrophs (consumers)

A

Get energy from other organisms
- carnivore: meat only
- herbivore: plant only
- omnivore: meat & plants
- scavengers: dead animals

108
Q

Another word for consumer

A

heterotroph

109
Q

Define decomposers

A

get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or waste & Consuming or absorbing nutrients

110
Q

What is the word for “get energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or waste & Consuming or absorbing nutrients”

A

decomposers

111
Q

What does this acronym stand for: KPCOFGS

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

112
Q

Name the 3 domains

A
  • Archae
  • Bacteria
  • Eukarya
113
Q

What are the characteristics of Archae

A
  • unicellular - one cell
  • prokaryotic - no nucleus in cell
  • thrive in harsh enivronment
114
Q

What are the characteristics of Bacteria

A
  • unicellular - once cell
  • prokaryotic - no nucleus in cell
  • can thrive in everyday environments
115
Q

What are the characteristics of Eukarya

A
  • Most multicellular - more than 1 cell
  • eukaryotic - cells have nucleus
  • most varied domains
116
Q

What are the 4 kingdoms of eukarya

A
  • plantae
  • animalia
  • fungi
  • protista
117
Q

What are the 3 characteristics of plantae

A
  • multicellular
  • autotrophic
  • cells walls & chloroplasts
118
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of animalia

A
  • multicellular
  • heterotrophic
119
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of fungi

A
  • multicellular
  • decomposers
120
Q

What are the 2 characteristics
of protista

A
  • unicellular with a nucleus
  • contain flagella (hair or tail like structures that help them move through the watery environments in which they live)
121
Q

What are the 2 common plant phyla

A
  • nonvasular
  • vascular
122
Q

A nonvascular plants ____ retain water or deliver it to ther parts of the plant

A

cannot

123
Q

Vascular plants ____ save water and deliver it throughout the entire plant through their roots, stem and leavse

A

CAN

124
Q

What type of plant phyla cannot retain water

A

nonvascular

125
Q

What type of plant phyla can retain water

A

vascular

126
Q

What is the 1 type of nonvascular plant

A

moss

127
Q

What are the 3 types of vascular plants

A
  • ferns
  • gymnosperms
  • angiosperms
128
Q

What are the 2 characteristics of mosses

A
  • low growing plants that reproduce using spores
  • spores reproduce asexually and require very little energy
129
Q

What is the 1 characteristic of ferns

A

reproduce through spores

130
Q

What is the 1 characteristic of gymnosperms

A

grow seeds inside protective coatings, such as pine cones

131
Q

What is the 1 characteristic of angiosperms

A

produce seeds that are enclosed in fruit, which develops after flowers are pollinated

132
Q

What are the 6 types of common animal phyla

A
  • cnidarians
  • mollusks
  • annelids
  • arthropods
  • echinoderms
  • chordates
133
Q

What are the characteristics of cnidarians

A
  • jelly-like animals that have a bell or umbrellas
  • invertebrates
134
Q

What are the characteristics of mollusks

A
  • soft-bodied animals that usually have a shell
  • invertebrates
135
Q

What are the characteristics of annelids

A

-long animals divided into segments
- invertebrates

136
Q

What are the characteristics of arthropods

A
  • animals with 3 body parts, jointed legs and an exoskeleton
  • invertebrates
137
Q

What are the characteristics of echinoderms

A
  • marine animals that have plates with a spiny internal skeleton
  • invertebrates
138
Q

What are the characteristics of chordates

A
  • animals with a notochord (backbone) that supports the body
  • vertebrates
139
Q

What are the 5 invertebrates

A
  • cnidarians
  • mollusks
  • annelids
  • arthropods
  • echinoderms
140
Q

What is the 1 vertebrate

A

chordates

141
Q

Cells are organized into ____

A

tissues

142
Q

Tissues are organized into ____

A

organs

143
Q

Organs are organized into ____

A

organ systems

144
Q

Organ systems are organized into ____

A

organism

Science 8th Grade (4 decks)

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