cells and tissues: structural organisation, systems Flashcards
describe the chemical level of organisation; give examples
the smallest building blocks of the body; atoms, which combine to form molecules
describe the cellular level of organisation with examples
basic structural functional units of the body; smooth muscle, white blood, embryonic stem
describe the tissue level or organisation with examples
groups of cells and the materials around them working together to perform a particular function e.g cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
describe the organ level of organisation
structures of specific function composed of two or more tissue types
describe the system level of organisation
groups of related organs working to achieve a specific function
describe the organismal level of organisation
all parts of the body working to create a living functioning organism
important aspect of any level of structural organisation
structure and function
components involved in the integumentary system
epidermis/dermis; hair follicles, sebaceous and sweat glands, sensory receptors, nails/hypodermis;
role of the hypodermis
attaches/separates skin to deeper skin layers e.g fascia
what component of the integumentary system goes between both dermis and epidermis
nails
breast tissue is a: and therefore:
modified sweat gland: part of the integumentary system
broad categories of the muscular system
skeletal muscles, tendons + aponeuroses
types of skeletal muscles
axial and appendicular
additional function of bone beyond structure/support
stores minerals
what is each of the axial and appendicular skeletons made up of
bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments
what is in the axial skeleton (6 main bones)
skull, sternum, ribs, vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx
tendons attach:
muscle to bone
tendons are a part of the: (system)
muscular system
aponeuroses form and function
flat sheetlike, muscle to bone or muscle connection
two broad components of skeletal system
bone/skeletons & bone marrow
red bone marrow mostly:
makes red blood cells (stores blood stem cells)
yellow bone marrow is made mostly of: and contains stem cells which become:
fat. fat, cartilage, and bone
double system organs: (6)
pancreas; endocrine and digestive. gonads; endocrine and respiratory. thymus; endocrine and lymphatic. pharynx; respiratory and digestive. mammary glands; integumentary and reproductive. kidneys; endocrine and urinary.
components of the endocrine system (9)
pineal gland, hypothalamus/pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys, pancreas, gonads
mnemonic for endocrine components
pink hippos think pretty tiaras are killer party gear
explain why/how bone marrow composition/placement changes overtime:
in adolescence most bone marrow is red to support high blood cell production rates. by adulthood red marrow is found only in flat bones, the rest is replaced by yellow marrow which is made mostly of fat/ stores fat.
what component of the endocrine system changes size with age? why?
the thymus. big in infants, as T-cells/lymphocytes are being produced before birth. biggest in puberty, then all T-cells are made and decreases in size. small in adults.
what role does the thymus play in the lymphatic system?
creates T-cells (type of lymphocytes/white blood cells) which help fight infection/form part of our immune response
what role does the thymus play in the endocrine system?
makes and releases hormones that signal the pituitary, support lymphocyte production, and support the immune system
role of the peripheral nervous system
connects the CNS to other organs/systems/muscles
components of the CNS
brain, spinal cord, special senses (also in PNS)
what types of activities does the spinal cord control
less complex integrative activities; basic, rapid responses e.g reflexes, walking
what do the special senses do (of the nervous system)
send sensory info to the brain
what are the special senses
sight, taste, sound, smell
what nerve is exclusively in the CNS (not PNS)
optic nerve
function of the pineal gland
circadian rhythm regulation; melatonin production
function of the hypothalamus/pituitary gland
a ‘master system’ controlling many other glands; fluid balance, growth etc
function of the thyroid
makes thyroxine which controls metabolic rate
parathyroid function
regulates calcium levels in the blood
where is the parathyroid located
within the thyroid
what does the thymus do
makes T-cells (types of lymphocyte) which are part of the immune response
what do the adrenal glands do
support lots of functions; cardio/respiratory, stress response, metabolism, water balance. through lots of hormones; adrenaline, cortisol, noradrenaline.
what do the kidneys do in the endocrine system
produce various hormones that regulate; red blood cell production and blood pressure, calcium balance
what does the pancreas do
the pancreatic islets produce hormones (insulin/glucagon) important for glucose regulation
gonads function
sexual characteristics and reproduction; e.g produce gametes, menstrual cycle
what is IGF, what does it do
insulin-like growth factor. a hormone which, alongside GH, regulates normal growth.
what component of the endocrine system changes with age
the thymus decreases in size after puberty as all T-cells needed have been created (biggest during puberty but also big in infants as T-cells are created before birth)
what are T-cells, what do they do
types of lymphocytes, which are types of white blood cells. they support the immune response
what is the thymus function
produces hormones and produces T-cells
components of the CNS
brain, spinal cord, special senses
what are the special senses
smell, sight, sound, taste
what special sense ISN’T PNS (CNS only)
sight/optic nerve
what does the PNS do
links the CNS to other organs and systems
what can the spinal cord do
control less complex integrative activities; e.g rapid, basic responses like reflexes and walking
what does the pineal gland do
regulates circadian rhythm; produces melatonin
hypothalamus and pituitary gland function
‘master system’ signalling many other glands (growth, fluid balance)
where is the thyroid/parathyroid
thyroid is in the throat, parathyroid is within the thyroid
what does the thyroid do
produce thyroxine which regulates metabolic rate
what does the parathyroid do
regulates calcium levels in the blood
where is the thymus
sternum
thymus function
production of T-cells which are part of the immune response
adrenal gland function
produce several hormones - cortisol, adrenaline, noradrenaline - that regulate several things like metabolism, stress response, heart rate, etc.
kidney function
regulate several hormones; red blood cell production, blood pressure, calcium levels
what does the pancreas do
the pancreatic islets produce hormones (insulin, glucagon) which regulate glucose in the body
gonads function
handle sexual characteristics and reproduction, e.g gamete production, menstrual cycle
what is IGF, what does it do
insulin-like growth factor. in combo with GH it regulates normal growth
explain acromegaly
a disorder resulting from excess GH. a pituitary tumor secretes GH, which stimulates the liver to produce IGF-1. causes excessive growth, mainly of bones, which in adults manifests in bone and facial changes (nose, jaw, lips etc).
what might severe excessive bleeding in an adult trigger in terms of the skeletal system
yellow -> red bone marrow reversal
sign of a malfunctioning lymphatic system (and name of condition)
swelling from fluid accumulation - lymphedema
components of the lymphatic system
L nodes, L fluid, L vessels. B&T cells, spleen, thymus.
what type of vessels are the lymphatic vessels, what does this mean
contractile- able to contract to generate movement of liquid through the vessel
what do the lymph nodes do
act like smart filters monitoring composition of the lymph as it moves around
what does the lymph (fluid) do, and how
it removes waste (interstitial fluid) and carries nutrients/oxyen where needed; by carrying leftover leaked fluid from blood capillaries around the body
what is interstitial fluid
fluid in the spaces around cells
primary summarised goal of the lymphatic system’ vessels
collect extra fluid from around the body, filter it, and return it to the bloodstreamm
role of the spleen; it is like a ____
like a large lymph node. engulfs pathogens, removes damaged red blood cells, produces white blood cells.
components of cardiovascular system (include types of blood vessels)
heart, blood vessels (veins, arteries, capillaries, blood
what does blood transport
hormones, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste
besides transports, what are blood’s important functions
pH and temp regulation
veins/arteries directions of transport
arteries = from heart from capillaries, veins = to heart from capillaries
bronchi are a bridge between
trachea and lungs
components of respiratory system (7)
nose and sinuses, pharynx (throat), larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, diaphragm
general purpose of respiratory system, and purpose for most of its components
conducting (humidified, warm) air, to deliver air to sites of gas exchange (O2 and CO2 exchange)
what is the larynx, + its additional function
the voicebox; it protects the trachea
additional function of the respiratory system (lungs) (beyond simply air conduction)
acid base balance
why is the diaphragm part of the respiratory system
because it has the muscle which generates the movement of air
what do each of the small and large intestines do
small breaks down food and absorbs its nutrients, large stores and removes waste
components of the digestive system
mouth, salivary glands, pharynx (throat), oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, liver and gallbladder, pancreas
what do the salivary glands do
make food optimal for digestion with enzymes and lubrication
why is the pancreas in the digestive system
it makes digestive enzymes
explain the liver and gallbladder’s function in the digestive system
liver makes bile, gallbladder concentrates it
components of the urinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
what do the kidneys do, why is it important
remove waste from the blood and produce urine. important for regulation of body pH, blood pressure and volume
what is EPO
erythropoietin; hormone produced by kidneys that increases red blood cell production
