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Nervous System > Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the divisions of the nervous system?

A

PNS and CNS

then sensory (afferent) division and motor (efferent) divison

then motor division into somatic and autonomic

then autonomic into sympathetic and parasympathetic

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2
Q

what forms the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

what forms PNS?

A

cranial and spinal nerves

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4
Q

what are the different cell types of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

Glial cells

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5
Q

how would you describe neurons?

A

Structural and functional unit
Excitable cells

Impulses carried as action potentials

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6
Q

how are a neurons impulses carried?

A

as action potentials

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7
Q

how can glial cells be described?

A

Non-excitable supporting cells
Much smaller than neurons

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8
Q

how does the size of glial cells compare to neurons?

A

Glial cells are much smaller

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9
Q

How many dendrites and axons does a typical neuron have?

A

multiple dendrites and one axon

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10
Q

how would you describe impulse transmission of a ap in a typical neuron?

A

in only one direction from cell body to synaptic terminal

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11
Q

what are dendrites?

A

Branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation towards the cell body (also known as soma)

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12
Q

what is an axon?

A

Long threadlike part of a nerve cell along which impulses are conducted from the cell body to other cells

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13
Q

what is a dendrite stimulated by?

A

the environmental changes or activities of other cells

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14
Q

what does the cell body of a neuron contain?

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes and other organelles/inclusions

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15
Q

describe the organelles within a neuron?

A

Mitochondria, rER( Nissl bodies), diffuse Golgi apparatus.

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16
Q

what is the metabolic rate of a neuron?

A

High metabolic rate

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17
Q

what are the cytoplasms in the cell body and axon known as?

A

Cytoplasm in the cell body is perikaryon, and in the axon is axoplasm.

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18
Q

how would you describe a neurons nucleus?

A

loose chromatin, prominent nucleolus

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19
Q

What direction does the impulse travel in the multipolar and in the pseudounipolar neuron?

A

dendrite to cell body in multipolar

In a pseudounipolar it goes through the dendrite, but then bypasses the cell body going straight, straight down the axon.

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20
Q

Where does the cell body of the multipolar neuron lie?

A

within the CNS

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21
Q

what about the location of the dendrite, cell body and axon of the pseudounipolar neuron?

A

These are what form the dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves and they similarly form ganglia of cranial nerves, like, for instance, the trigeminal nerve has a trigeminal nerve ganglion, which sits just on either side of the pituitary fossa. So these ganglia are nothing but where the cell bodies of these sensory pseudounipolar neurones lie.

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22
Q

what are the three different types of neurons?

A

multipolar
pseudopolar
bipolar

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23
Q

what neurons are multipolar?

A

inter-neurons
motor-neurons

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24
Q

what neurons are bipolar?

A

olfactory mucosa
retinal nerve fibres

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25
Q

what neurons are pseudounipolar?

A

sensory neurons

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26
Q

What is amitosis?

A

Cell proliferation that does not occur by mitosis

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27
Q

Cell proliferation that does not occur by mitosis

A

Long living and amiotic

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28
Q

what is the function of the myelin sheath?

A

Increase conduction speed in axons by ‘saltatory conduction’

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29
Q

What is saltatory conduction?

A

Propogation of action potentials along myelinated axons from one node of Ranvier to the next node, increasing the conduction velocity of the action potential

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30
Q

depending on the presence of the myelin sheath, what can neurons be?

A

Myelinated neurons

Non-myelinated neurons

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31
Q

What is the myelin sheath formed by in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes

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32
Q

What is the myelin sheath formed by in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

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33
Q

What are nodes of Ranvier?

A

Microscopic gaps found within myelinated axons, the function is too speed up the propagation of action potentials along the axons via saltatory conduction

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34
Q

What is an example of a condition that demonstrates the clinical important of the myelin sheath?

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

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35
Q

What is MS?

A

Patchy loss/scarring of mmyelin sheath, leads to nerve condiction across affected axons being abnormal

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36
Q

What is the cause of MS?

A

Unknown, potentially viral or autoimmune

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37
Q

What does an MRI show when investigating MS?

A

White plaques of demyelination

38
Q

where in the world has the highest incidence of MS?

A

Scotland has the HIGHEST incidence in the world

39
Q

what does white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

myelinated axons

40
Q

what does grey matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

neuronal cell bodies

41
Q

What are some of the nerve tracts present in the spinal cord?

A

Ascending tracts

Descending tracts

Spinothalamic tract

Spinoreticular tract

Dorsal spinocerebellar tract

Ventral ispinocerebellar tract

Lateral corticospinal tract

Ventral corticospinal tract

Retrospinal tract

42
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Neuron that possesses a single axon and many dendrites allowing for integration of a great deal of information from other neurons

43
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Has two extensions (one axon and one dendrite)

They are specialised sensory neurons for the transmission of sense so are used for smell, sight, taste, hearing, touch, balance and proprioception

44
Q

What are pseudounipolar neurons?

A

Kind of sensory neuron, contains one axon that has split into two branches where one travels to the periphery and one to the central nervous system

45
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Surround neuron and provide support for insulation between them

46
Q

What glial cells are present in the PNS?

A

Satellite cells

Schawnn cells

47
Q

What is the function of satellite cells?

A

Surround neuronal cell bodies

48
Q

What is the function of Schwann cells?

A

Myelination

49
Q

What glial cells are present in the CNS?

A

Epidymal cells

Astrocytes

Oligodendrocytes

Microglia

50
Q

What is the function of epidymal cells?

A

Line ventricles

51
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

Phagocytosis

Scar tissue formation

52
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

Myelination

53
Q

What is the function of astrocytes?

A

Surround synapses, capillaries, and help in K+ buffering

54
Q

What is the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

A

Protective mechanism that helps to maintain a stable environment for the brain and prevent harmful amino acids and ions present in the bloodstream and blood cells from entering the brain

55
Q

What forms the blood brain barrier?

A

Endothelium (tight junctions)

Thick basal lamina

Foot processes of astrocytes

56
Q

What are circumventricular organs?

A

Structures in the brain characterised by their extensive and highly permeable cappilaries, unlike those in the rest of the brain protected by the BBB

57
Q

What are some circumventricular organs where the BBB is absent?

A

Parts of the hypothalamus

Posterior pituitary

Pineal gland

58
Q

What does the existence of circumventricular organs play a major role in?

A

Delivery of drugs to the CNS, which must be lipid soluble or use suitable vectors

59
Q

What must drugs be to reach the CNS?

A

Lipid soluble of use suitable vectors

60
Q

identify cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, diencephalon?

A
61
Q

what is the function of the cerebrum?

A

Seat of consciousness

62
Q

what is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Balance and coordination

63
Q

what is the function of the brainstem?

A

Vital centres eg: cardiorespiratory,
Pathway for fibre tracts

64
Q

what is the function of the diencephalon?

A

The diencephalon is involved in many crucial bodily functions including coordinating with the endocrine system to release hormones, relaying sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulating circadian rhythms (the sleep wake cycle).

65
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brainstem?

A

Midbrain

Pons

Medulla

66
Q

What is found in the brainstem?

A

Vital centres such as cardiorespiratory

Pathway for fibre tracts

67
Q

What are some ventricles in the brain?

A

Lateral ventricles

III ventricle

Cerebral aqueduct

IV ventricle

68
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Cavity or chamber that can be filled with fluid, such as the cerebral ventricles or heart ventricles

69
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles found?

A

C-shaped cavities which lie in the cerebral hemisphere

70
Q

What are the lateral ventricles connected by?

A

Interventricular foramen

71
Q

Where is the cerebral aqueduct found?

A

Midbrain

72
Q

Where is the IV venticle found?

A

Hindbrain (between pons and medulla in front and cerebellum at the back)

73
Q

Where is III ventricle found?

A

Within diencephalon - the cavity within the diencephalon.

74
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Membranous coverings of the brain and spinal cord

75
Q

What are examples of structures that protects the brain?

A

Dural folds

Scalp

Skull bones

Meninges

76
Q

What are dural folds?

A

The dural seperates into two layers at dural reflections which are known as dural folds

77
Q

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

A

Dura mater

Arachnoid mater

Pia mater

78
Q

How can the dura mater be described?

A

Tough, fibrous layer

79
Q

What layer of the meninges is vascularised?

A

Pia mater

80
Q

What is the space called between the dura and arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

81
Q

What is the subdural space?

A

Potential space which is traversed by blood vessels penetrating into the CNS

82
Q

What is the space between the arachnoid and pia mater?

A

Subarachnoid space

83
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid found?

A

Subarachnoid space

84
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A

Fluid inside the cavities of the brain (ventricles) and central canal of the spinal cord

85
Q

What, to some extent, is CSF responsible for the maintenance of?

A

Intracranial pressure

86
Q

Where is CSF formed?

A

By choroid plexus in each ventricle

87
Q

Where is CSF absorbed?

A

By arachnoid villi into saggital sinus (venous channel in brain)

88
Q

Explain the process of the circulation of CSF?

A

1) Beginning in the lateral ventricle flows through two passages into the third ventricle
2) Flows down the aquaduct of Sylvius into the fourth ventricle
3) Passes through three small openings (foramina) into the subarachnoid space
4) Absorbed through blood vessels over the surface of the brain back into the blood stream
5) Carried away and filtered by kidneys and liver

89
Q

What channel does CSF flow from III ventricle to IV ventricle through?

A

Aquaduct of Sylvius

90
Q

Is grey or white matter found on the inside of the spinal cord and brain?

A

Spinal cord - Grey matter, white on the outside

Brain - white amtter, grey on the outside

Nervous System (40 decks)

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