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Nervous System > Brain control of Movement - Motor control > Flashcards

Brain control of Movement - Motor control Flashcards

1
Q

Voluntary movement uses a functional hierarchy with 3 levels, what are these 3 levels?

A
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2
Q

What is the function of the high level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

strategy

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3
Q

What is the function of the middle level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

tactics

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4
Q

What is the function of the low level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

execution

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5
Q

What structures are involved in the high level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

Association neocortex

Basal ganglion

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6
Q

What structures are involved in the middle level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

Motor cortex

Cerebellum

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7
Q

What structures are involved in the low level of the functional hierarchy of voluntary movements?

A

Brain stem

Spinal cord

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8
Q

What does strategy mean in terms of voluntary movements?

A

The goal and the movement strategy to best achieve this goal

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9
Q

What does tactics mean in terms of voluntary movement?

A

The sequence of spatiotemporal muscle contractions to achieve a goal smoothly and accurately

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10
Q

What does exectution mean in terms of voluntary movements?

A

Activation of motor neuron and interneuron pools to generate goal-directed movement

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11
Q

How is the brain connected to the spinal cord?

A

Lateral pathways

Ventromedial pathways

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12
Q

What do lateral pathways of the spinal cord control?

A

Voluntary movements of distal muscles – direct cortical control

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13
Q

what are the four ventromedial pathways?

A

tectospinal tract

vestibulospinal tract

pontine spinal tract

medullary reticulospinal tract

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14
Q

what are the two lateral pathways?

A

corticospinal tract

rubrospinal tract

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15
Q

Lateral pathways of the spinal cord are under the control of what?

A

Direct cortical control

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16
Q

What do ventromedial pathways control?

A

Posture and locomotion

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17
Q

Ventromedial pathways of the spinal cord are under control by what?

A

brain stem control

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18
Q

What is the longest and largest tract of the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal tract (CST), with about 1 million axons

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19
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

2/3 in areas 4 and 6 of the fontal motor cortex

Rest is somatosensory

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20
Q

Does the corticospinal tract decusscate? And if so, where does this occur?

A

Yes it does, at the medulla/spinal cord junction so the right motor cortex controls the left side and vice versa

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21
Q

Where do axons of the corticospinal tract synapse?

A

Ventral horn motor neurons and interneurons to control muscles voluntarily

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22
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

Red nucleus of midbrain and receives inputs from same cortical areas as CSF (2/3 if areas 4 and 6 of frontal motor cortex, rest is somatosensory)

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23
Q

What do lesions of the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts cause?

A

Fine movement of arms and hands lost

Cannot move shoulders, elbows, wrist and fingers independently

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24
Q

What happens if lesions only occur in the corticospinal tract and not both the corticospinal and rubrospinal tract?

A

Deficits are seen for a few months, then functions reappear as they are taken over by the rubrospinal tract

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25
Q

For the rubrospinal tract, what side of the brain controls what side of the body?

A

Decussates above between medulla and midbrain so controls contralateral half of body

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26
Q

What does strategy mean in terms of voluntary movements?

A

The goal and the movement strategy to best achieve this goal

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27
Q

What does tactics mean in terms of voluntary movement?

A

The sequence of spatiotemporal muscle contractions to achieve a goal smoothly and accurately

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28
Q

What does exectution mean in terms of voluntary movements?

A

Activation of motor neuron and interneuron pools to generate goal-directed movement

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28
Q
A
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29
Q

How is the brain connected to the spinal cord?

A

Lateral pathways

Ventromedial pathways

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30
Q

What do lateral pathways of the spinal cord control?

A

Voluntary movement of distal muscles

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31
Q

Lateral pathways of the spinal cord are under the control of what?

A

Direct cortical control

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32
Q

Ventromedial pathways of the spinal cord are under control by what?

A

Brain stem control

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33
Q

What do ventromedial pathways control?

A

Posture and locomotion

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34
Q

What are examples of lateral pathways?

A

Corticospinal tract

Rubrospinal tract

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35
Q

What are examples of vestromedial pathways?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

Tectospinal tract

Pontine reticulospinal tract

Medullary reticulospinal tract

36
Q

What is the longest and largest tract of the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal tract (CST), with about 1 million axons

37
Q

Where does the corticospinal tract originate?

A

2/3 in areas 4 and 6 of the fontal motor cortex

Rest is somatosensory

38
Q

Does the corticospinal tract decusscate? And if so, where does this occur?

A

Yes it does, at the medulla/spinal cord junction so the right motor cortex controls the left side and vice versa

39
Q

Where do axons of the corticospinal tract synapse?

A

Ventral horn motor neurons and interneurons to control muscles voluntarily

40
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

Red nucleus of midbrain and receives inputs from same cortical areas as CSF (2/3 if areas 4 and 6 of frontal motor cortex, rest is somatosensory)

41
Q

What do lesions of the corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts cause?

A

Fine movement of arms and hands lost

Cannot move shoulders, elbows, wrist and fingers independently

42
Q

What happens if lesions only occur in the corticospinal tract and not both the corticospinal and rubrospinal tract?

A

Deficits are seen for a few months, then functions reappear as they are taken over by the rubrospinal tract

43
Q

For the rubrospinal tract, what side of the brain controls what side of the body?

A

Decussates above between medulla and midbrain so controls contralateral half of body

44
Q

What does the corticospinal tract control in the spinal cord?

A

Pools of motor neurons (monosynaptically excite pool of agonist motoneurons whilst via interneurons inhibit pools of antagonist motoneurons)

45
Q

What projects via the corticospinal tract to pools of motoneurons in the spinal cord?

A

Large pyramidal neurons in motor cortex

46
Q

What is the function of the vestibulospinal tract?

A

Stabilises head and neck

47
Q

What is the function of the tectospinal tract?

A

Ensures eye reamins stable as the body moves

48
Q

What does TST stand for?

A

Tectospinal tract

49
Q

Where do the poutine and medullary reticulospinal tracts originate?

A

Brainstem

50
Q

What are the functions of the poutine and medullary reticulospinal tracts?

A

Use sensory information about balance, body position and vision

Reflexly maintain balance and body position

Innervate trunk and antigravity muscles in limbs

51
Q

What pathways does voluntary movement require input from?

A

Motor cortex via lateral pathways

52
Q

What nuclei is found between the motor cortex and the spinal cord for vestromedial pathways?

A

Reticular nuclei

Superior colliculus and vestibular nuclei

53
Q

What areas of the brain plana nd control precise voluntary movements?

A

Primary motor cortex and pre-motor areas

54
Q

What do upper motor neurons target to form?

A

Lower motor neurons in the spinal cord to form circuits, some of which control reflexes such as stretch reflex

55
Q

Where are upper motor neurons found?

A

Cortex

Brainstem

56
Q

What can the distribution of lower motor neurons be described as?

A

Somatotopic

57
Q

What does somatotopic mean?

A

Point-for-point correspondence of an area of the body to a specific point on the CNS

58
Q

What do medial lower motor neurons control?

A

Axial and proximal muscles

59
Q

What do lateral lower motor neurons control?

A

Distal limb muscles

60
Q

What do white matter tracts differ in?

A

Origin and function

61
Q

What do medial tracts from the brainstem down the spinal cord control?

A

Posture and balance and orienting mechanism

62
Q

What do lateral tracts from the brainstem down the spinal cord control?

A

Skilled voluntary movement

63
Q

Where are the upper motor neurons that are the beginning of lateral white matter of spinal cord?

A

cerebral cortex of contralateral si

64
Q

Where are upper motor neurons that are the origin of anterior-medial white matter of spinal cord?

A

Brainstem

65
Q

What Brodmann area is the primary motor cortex?

A

Area 4

66
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex (what gyrus)?

A

Precentral gyrus

67
Q

What does PMA stand for?

A

Pre-motor area

68
Q

What does SMA stand for?

A

Supplementary motor area

69
Q

What broddman area is the premotor and supplementary motor areas?

A

Areas 6

70
Q

For movement, what does the cerebral cortex need to know?

A

Where the body is in space

Where it wants to go

Plan to get there

(these 3 things are functions of different areas of the cortex)

71
Q

What are some examples of areas of the brain involved in planning and instructing voluntary movement?

A

Prefrontal cortex

Area 6 (SMA and PMA)

Area 4 (M1) Central sulvus

S1

Posterior parietal cortex (area 5 and area 7)

72
Q

what does M1 stand for?

A

motot cortex

73
Q

From medial to lateral, what body parts are arranged in the somatotopic organisation of the primary motor cortex?

A

Toes > legs up to shoulder > shoulder to fingers (little to thumb) > top of head to bottom of head > tongue then swallowing

74
Q

What is an example of a physical display of the presents of somatotopic maps?

A

Epileptic seizures often ‘march’ across the body, beginning with abnormal fingers movements then hand, then arm, shoulder, finally face

75
Q

What is used in epileptics to decide which brain areas to be spared surgically?

A

Penfield electrical stimulation

76
Q

What does the SMA do?

A

Innervates distal motor units directly

77
Q

What does the PMA do?

A

Connects with reticulospinal neurons innervating proximal motor neurons

78
Q

how is penfeild electrical simulation carried out in epileptics?

A

Weak stimulation of area 4 caused twitch of specific contralateral muscles

Systematic probing of area 4 (primary motor cortex) revealed somatotopic organisation of precentral gyrus ……… like that in somatosensory areas of post-central gyrus.

Area 6 neurones drive complex movements on either side of the body

79
Q

Explain the process of originating and coordinating body movements?

A

1) Mental image of body in space is generated by somatosensory, proprioceptive and visual inputs to posterior parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7)

2) Prefrontal and parietal cortex is where decisions are taken (such as which actions/movements to take and their likely outcome)

3) Axons from both converge on area 6, where signals encoding desirected actions are converted into how to carry this out

80
Q

What Broddman areas are associated with the posterior parietal cortex?

A

Areas 5 and 7

81
Q

For movement, do the neurons in are 6 or area 4 fire first?

A

Area 6 fire before area 4, because area 4 is for “doing it” by activating neurons of the CST and RST

82
Q

Explain the process of neurons in the PMA (area 6) firing before movement?

A

1) Getting ready, few action potentials from PMA neurons

2) Get set, big increase in PMA action potentials

3) Go, PMA firing continues through actions, neurons in premotor area (PMA) fire action potentials one second before a movement occurs

83
Q

How long is between the premotor area (PMA) firing an action potentials and a movement occuring?

A

1 second

84
Q

What tells us that movement plans are rehearsed mentally?

A

Specific neurons in area 6 fire when movement is made and when movement is imagined

85
Q

are somatotopic motor maps precise?

A

no

It does not represent upper motor neurones causing individual muscle movements

Microstimulate arm region of primary motor cortex (area 4) see movements that bring hands to mouth, or into central space:
To inspect, manipulate, or defend.

Functional maps in cortex appear to map movements – perhaps (in area 6) even the intention of a complete movement

86
Q

Mental image of body in space - generated by somatosensory, proprioceptive & visual inputs to posterior parietal cortex (areas 5 and 7).

Prefrontal and parietal cortex - where decisions are taken -
which actions/movements to take and likely outcome

Axons from both converge on area 6. Here signals encoding
desired actions are converted into how to carry this out.

During practised voluntary finger movements, PET imaging shows blood flow increases in somatosensory, posterior parietal areas and prefrontal cortex (I.e. area 6 & area 4, so - all of the above).
BUT…….
if you only think about moving : only area 6 is active, area 4 is not: area 4 is for “doing it” (by activating CST and RST neurones).

A
87
Q

(a) Get ready - in front of lights – just a few action potentials in premotor area (PMA) neurones.

(b) Get set – monkey shown “instruction stimulus” - the movement needed for a reward, so already planning it. Big increase in PMA action potential firing.

(c) Go - make the movement now, touch the trigger stimulus button. PMA firing continues through action.

PMA neurones fire action potentials one second before a movement occurs.
= decision making neurones in command centres.

A
88
Q

Specific neurones in area 6 fire when movement is made or is imagined – rehearsed mentally

Also fire when others make the same movement: (this allows understanding of the actions or intentions of others) = ‘mirroring’

Perhaps same motor circuits plan our movements and allow us to understand the actions/goals of others

Perhaps mirror neurones underpin understanding of emotions and empathy – & may be wired/function differently in autism?

A

Nervous System (40 decks)

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