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IMM005 > Cells and tissues of the immune system > Flashcards

Cells and tissues of the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

From which system do the cells of the immune system differentiate from?

A

Haematopoietic system

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2
Q

TRUE or FALSE

White blood cells are mostly found in the blood

A

FALSE

WBCs use the bloodstream to go from point A to point B

The bloodstream is not where they are normally found

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3
Q

What is the haematopoietic system?

A

All the cells come from the same stem cells

In the bone marrow

Very few hundred stem cells produce all the different immune cells

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4
Q

What are the criteria of the immune system?

A

Dynamic and responsive - 10^10 granulocytes are formed per day and 10^9 lymphocytes are produced per day

Movable - constantly moving

Renewable - dynamic and short lived nature means it needs to be renewable

Large - lots of energy expended on maintaining the immune system

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5
Q

What are the main compartments of the immune system?

A

Blood

Immunological organs

Lymphatics

Non-immunological organs

Bone marrow

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6
Q

What is the immune cell distribution like throughout the body?

A

Entirely immunological and composed entirely of immunologically relevant cells

But all organs have some immunological aspect to them, which in organs where there is a greater chance of infection

The body can divert immune cells to organs when needed

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7
Q

What allows the diversion of immune cells from immonological to non-immunological organs?

A

A parallel system connects the two

Carries immunological information and cells to the non-immunological organs to carry out an appropriate response

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8
Q

Which non-immunological organs have greater immunological components?

A

Skin

GI

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9
Q

What are the two key immunological organs?

A

Lymph nodes

Spleen

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10
Q

What is the function of lymph nodes?

A

Serve as focal points of immunological responses around the body

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11
Q

What is the function of the spleen?

A

Serves the blood

White blood cells coordinate immunological responses in the blood

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12
Q

What are the lymph nodes and spleen examples of?

A

Secondary lymphoid tissues

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13
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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14
Q

What are the functions of the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Development of immune cells

Do not perform important immunological responses

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15
Q

What are the functions of the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where the immune response is orchestrated

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16
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The two branches of the immune system are linked and cannot work without the other

A

TRUE

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17
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Defects in either system of the immune response is not compatible with life

A

TRUE

18
Q

What are the three main types of innate cells?

A

Granulocytes

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

19
Q

What are the three cells of the borderland group between innate and adaptive immune cells?

A

Innate lymphoid cells

NK cells

NK T cells

20
Q

What are the three main types of Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

21
Q

Describe the function of granulocytes

A

First line of defence

Prevent infection through phagocytosis and killing

Important in allergic reactions

Contain a large number of granules

Granules contain toxic molecules and enzymes that kill bacteria

Recruited from blood to tissue during inflammation

22
Q

Are granulocytes short or long-lived cells?

A

Short lived

If no entry of bacteria = die

23
Q

What is the major circulating white blood cell in the body?

A

Neutrophils

70-80%

24
Q

Describe the function of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis

Tissue resident cells, with each tissue containing their own resident macrophages

Important sensors of infection

Principle immunological role is to kill bacteria that withstand neutrophil bactericidial properties

25
Q

TRUE or FALSE

The main role of macrophages are immunological

A

FALSE

Major role is not immunological, but rather a scavenger of dying cellular debris

26
Q

Are macrophages a first or second line of defense?

A

Second line of defense

27
Q

What is an example of a tissue resident macrophage?

A

Kuppffer cells

Liver

28
Q

Are macrophages short or long lived?

A

Long lived

Months

29
Q

Describe the function of lymphocytes

A

Small

Represent 25% of WBC, but only 2% of total blood

Major cells of the adaptive immune system

Constantly recirculating between tissues and the blood

30
Q

TRUE or FALSE

T and B cell populations are histologically indistringuishable

A

TRUE whilst in the blood and no infection.

When an infection develops however, their volume increase and produce granules, become motile

When they respond to antigen they no longer look the same

Various stages of differentiation - resting lymphocyte, activated lymphocyte, plasma cell

31
Q

Are lymphocytes short or long lived?

A

Long lived

Divide very slowly until needed

32
Q

What are lymph nodes?

A

Sacs of lymphatics containing a system of tubing connecting them to other lymph nodes and the blood

33
Q

What do the efferent lymphatics represent?

A

Exit

From lymph nodes to the blood

34
Q

What do the afferent lymphatics represent?

A

From blood to lymph node

35
Q

Why does the lymph node need a blood supply?

A

Many cells entering the lymph node come from the blood

36
Q

Why does the lymph node have to been structured?

A

Helps efficient drainage and cellular communication

Provides time for the immune system to decide how to react

37
Q

What are the parts of the lymph node?

A

Separate T and B cell areas

Reticular meshwork

Dendritic cell networks

38
Q

What are the three main roles of a lymph node?

A

Maintain local microenvironment for different cells to develop

Reticular meshwork traps antigen to allow time for deciding how to react

Allows cells to interact since blood is a poor space for communication due to clotting consequences

39
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Found in all tissues of the body

Act as a interface between innate and adaptive immunity

40
Q

Describe how dendritic cells present antigen

A

Long processes catch antigens

Sample antigens from the environment

Carry them to lymph nodes if they think its foreign

Wait for T cells to come and sample the surface, where antigens are presented

41
Q

Describe how lymphocytes constantly check for pathogens

A

Lymphocytes re-circulate through the blood and lymphatics

Every now and then they go to lymph node and check if there is something in the lymph node they can react to

Once responded, they can live in the blood for years and wait for more of the same antigen

Next time you meet antigen, they can leave the blood directly into the tissue without having to enter the lymph node

Here they can kill the antigen and go into the blood or signal for more lymphocytes to be produced

42
Q

Describe how granulocytes and macrophages are different in the way they look for pathogens

A

Granulocytes only check non-immunological organs

Macrophages check both immunological and non-immunological organs

IMM005 (17 decks)

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