Cells and Tissues Flashcards
-basic unit of structure and function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes
-simplest collection of matter that can live
Cells
(1590) invented lens
Zaccharias and Hans Janssen
(1632) Father of microscopy
Anton van Leeuwenhooke
(1665) discovered cells (Micrographia)
Robert Hooke
(1839)
- a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory
-“All plants are made of cells”
Matthias Jakob Schleiden
(1839)
- a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory
-“All animals are made of cells”
Theodor Schwann
(1858)
-a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory
-proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter
Rudolf Virchow
Cell theory
- All living things are made up of one or more cells
- Cells are the basic unit of life
- All cells arise from pre-existing cells
Modern Cell Theory
- Cells make up all life
- Cells are functional and structural units
- Cells are formed by division
- Cells contain hereditary information
- Cells are chemically the same
- Energy flow occurs within cells
-the powerhouse, provides energy though energy flow
Mitochondria
Cellular Parts
-Cell wall
-Cell Membrane
-Protoplasm
-Nucleus
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Apparatus
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
-Lysosomes
-Peroxisome
-Cytoskeleton
-Chloroplast
-Vacuoles
-Robert Hooke (1665)
-present in plant cell only
Cell Wall
Functions of Cell wall
- protects the plant cells
- maintain its shape
- prevents excessive uptake of water
-C. Naegeli and C. Cramer (1885)
-present both in plant and animal cell
Cell Membrane
Functions of Cell Membrane
- Covers and protect the cell
- Facilitate substance transport
- Maintain the shape of the cell
-Johann Evangelist Purkinje (1839)
-present both in plant and animal cell
-Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions
Protoplasm
-Information or Control Center
-Robert Brown (1833)
-houses the genetic information
Nucleus
Parts of Nucleus
Nuclear Envelope-2 layers with pore complexes
Chromosomes-discrete unit of DNA
Nucleolus-synthesizes rRNA
-Biosynthetic Highway
-Albert Claude (1945)
-transports protein to other parts of the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Smooth ER-synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison
- Rough ER-make secretory protein, membrane factory & synthesize phospholipid
-shipping and receiving center
-Camillo Golgi(1898)
-modifies and packages proteins
Golgi Apparatus
Parts of Golgi Apparatus
- Cis Face-receive proteins from ER
- Trans Face-modifies, packages and transport proteins
-powerhouse
-Carl Benda (1898)
-semi-autonomous
Mitochondria
Function of mitochondria
for cellular respiration that produces ATP
-protein factory
-George Palade (mid 1950s)
-synthesizes proteins
Ribosomes
Types of Ribosomes
Free ribosomes-suspended in the cytoplasm
Bound ribosomes-attached to the ER and envelope
-digestive compartment
-Christian de Duve
Functions:
Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn out organelles
a. auto digestion- cell destruction
b. phagocytosis- phagein(to eat) & kytos(vessel)
c. autophagy- cell repair
Lysosomes
-oxidation
-J. Rhodin (1954)
Function:
converts fatty acids to smaller substances and produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product
Peroxisome
-Nikolai Koltsov (1903)
Function:
Responsible for cell motility, maintain shape, gives support and regulate biochemical activities
Cytoskeleton
Types of Cytoskeleton
- microtubules
- intermediate filament
- microfilament
-capture light energy)
-Konstantin Mereschowski (1905)
Function:
Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, that captures light necessary for photosynthesis
Chloroplasts
Contents of Chloroplast
- thylakoids- membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
- granum- stacks of thylakoid
- stroma- fluid outside the thylakoids
-diverse membrane compartments
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)
Function:
holds organic and inorganic compounds
Vacuoles
Types of Vacuoles
-food vacuoles- formed by phagocytosis
-contractile vacuoles- pumps excess water out of the cell
-central vacuoles (plant cells only)- its membrane is selective in transporting soluting
-Marilyn Farquhar and George Palade (1963)
-Provides channel between adjacent cells and form seals to prevent leakage of ECF
Intercellular junctions
Types of Intercellular Junctions
-Plasmodesmata (plant cells)
-Tight junctions (animal cells)
-Desmomes/Anchoring Junction (animal cells)
-Gap Junctions/Communicating Junction (animal cells)
Types of Cells
-prokaryotic cells
-eukaryotic cells
-bacteria and archaea
-DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed
-small in size
Prokaryotic cells
-protists, fungi, plants and animals
-DNA is inside an organelle called the nucleus which is bounded by double membrane
-generally much larger
Eukaryotic cells
these are DNA molecules containing the organism’s genome
Chromosomes in prokaryotes
these are DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence
chromosomes in eukaryotes
Location of Centromere
- metacentric chromosomes
- submetacentric chromosomes
- acrocentric chromosomes
- telocentric chromosomes
-it has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are equal length. Human chromosomes 1 and 3 are metacentric
Metacentric Chromosomes
-it has a centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the 2 sections, human chromosomes 4 through 12 are submetacentric
Submetacentric Chromosomes
-it has a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section. Human chromosomes 13,15,21, and 22 are acrocentric
Acrocentric chromosomes
-it has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome. humans do not possess telocentric chromosomes but they are found in other species such as mice
Telocentric chromosomes
