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Zoology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

-basic unit of structure and function because it demonstrates all qualities of life processes
-simplest collection of matter that can live

A

Cells

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2
Q

(1590) invented lens

A

Zaccharias and Hans Janssen

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3
Q

(1632) Father of microscopy

A

Anton van Leeuwenhooke

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4
Q

(1665) discovered cells (Micrographia)

A

Robert Hooke

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5
Q

(1839)
- a German botanist and co-founder of the cell theory
-“All plants are made of cells”

A

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

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6
Q

(1839)
- a German zoologist and co-founder of the cell theory
-“All animals are made of cells”

A

Theodor Schwann

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7
Q

(1858)
-a German physician and co-founder of the cell theory

-proposed biogenesis stated that all living cells arise from pre-existing living cells, that there is no spontaneous creation of cells from nonliving matter

A

Rudolf Virchow

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8
Q

Cell theory

A
  1. All living things are made up of one or more cells
  2. Cells are the basic unit of life
  3. All cells arise from pre-existing cells
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9
Q

Modern Cell Theory

A
  1. Cells make up all life
  2. Cells are functional and structural units
  3. Cells are formed by division
  4. Cells contain hereditary information
  5. Cells are chemically the same
  6. Energy flow occurs within cells
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10
Q

-the powerhouse, provides energy though energy flow

A

Mitochondria

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11
Q

Cellular Parts

A

-Cell wall
-Cell Membrane
-Protoplasm
-Nucleus
-Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Golgi Apparatus
-Mitochondria
-Ribosomes
-Lysosomes
-Peroxisome
-Cytoskeleton
-Chloroplast
-Vacuoles

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12
Q

-Robert Hooke (1665)
-present in plant cell only

A

Cell Wall

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13
Q

Functions of Cell wall

A
  1. protects the plant cells
  2. maintain its shape
  3. prevents excessive uptake of water
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14
Q

-C. Naegeli and C. Cramer (1885)
-present both in plant and animal cell

A

Cell Membrane

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15
Q

Functions of Cell Membrane

A
  1. Covers and protect the cell
  2. Facilitate substance transport
  3. Maintain the shape of the cell
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16
Q

-Johann Evangelist Purkinje (1839)
-present both in plant and animal cell
-Contains the endomembrane system that regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions

A

Protoplasm

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17
Q

-Information or Control Center
-Robert Brown (1833)
-houses the genetic information

A

Nucleus

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18
Q

Parts of Nucleus

A

Nuclear Envelope-2 layers with pore complexes
Chromosomes-discrete unit of DNA
Nucleolus-synthesizes rRNA

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19
Q

-Biosynthetic Highway
-Albert Claude (1945)
-transports protein to other parts of the cell

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

20
Q

Types of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  1. Smooth ER-synthesize lipids, store Ca+ & detoxify poison
  2. Rough ER-make secretory protein, membrane factory & synthesize phospholipid
21
Q

-shipping and receiving center
-Camillo Golgi(1898)
-modifies and packages proteins

A

Golgi Apparatus

22
Q

Parts of Golgi Apparatus

A
  1. Cis Face-receive proteins from ER
  2. Trans Face-modifies, packages and transport proteins
23
Q

-powerhouse
-Carl Benda (1898)
-semi-autonomous

A

Mitochondria

24
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

for cellular respiration that produces ATP

25
Q

-protein factory
-George Palade (mid 1950s)
-synthesizes proteins

A

Ribosomes

26
Q

Types of Ribosomes

A

Free ribosomes-suspended in the cytoplasm
Bound ribosomes-attached to the ER and envelope

27
Q

-digestive compartment
-Christian de Duve

Functions:
Contains hydrolytic enzyme that digests excess or worn out organelles
a. auto digestion- cell destruction
b. phagocytosis- phagein(to eat) & kytos(vessel)
c. autophagy- cell repair

A

Lysosomes

28
Q

-oxidation
-J. Rhodin (1954)

Function:
converts fatty acids to smaller substances and produces hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product

A

Peroxisome

29
Q

-Nikolai Koltsov (1903)

Function:
Responsible for cell motility, maintain shape, gives support and regulate biochemical activities

A

Cytoskeleton

30
Q

Types of Cytoskeleton

A
  1. microtubules
  2. intermediate filament
  3. microfilament
31
Q

-capture light energy)
-Konstantin Mereschowski (1905)

Function:
Contain the green pigment, chlorophyll, that captures light necessary for photosynthesis

A

Chloroplasts

32
Q

Contents of Chloroplast

A
  1. thylakoids- membranous system in the form of flattened, interconnected sacs
  2. granum- stacks of thylakoid
  3. stroma- fluid outside the thylakoids
33
Q

-diverse membrane compartments
-Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1676)

Function:
holds organic and inorganic compounds

A

Vacuoles

34
Q

Types of Vacuoles

A

-food vacuoles- formed by phagocytosis
-contractile vacuoles- pumps excess water out of the cell
-central vacuoles (plant cells only)- its membrane is selective in transporting soluting

35
Q

-Marilyn Farquhar and George Palade (1963)
-Provides channel between adjacent cells and form seals to prevent leakage of ECF

A

Intercellular junctions

36
Q

Types of Intercellular Junctions

A

-Plasmodesmata (plant cells)
-Tight junctions (animal cells)
-Desmomes/Anchoring Junction (animal cells)
-Gap Junctions/Communicating Junction (animal cells)

37
Q

Types of Cells

A

-prokaryotic cells
-eukaryotic cells

38
Q

-bacteria and archaea
-DNA is concentrated in a region that is not membrane-enclosed
-small in size

A

Prokaryotic cells

39
Q

-protists, fungi, plants and animals
-DNA is inside an organelle called the nucleus which is bounded by double membrane
-generally much larger

A

Eukaryotic cells

40
Q

these are DNA molecules containing the organism’s genome

A

Chromosomes in prokaryotes

41
Q

these are DNA molecule complexed with RNA and proteins to form a threadlike structure containing genetic information arranged in a linear sequence

A

chromosomes in eukaryotes

42
Q

Location of Centromere

A
  1. metacentric chromosomes
  2. submetacentric chromosomes
  3. acrocentric chromosomes
  4. telocentric chromosomes
43
Q

-it has a centromere in the center, such that both sections are equal length. Human chromosomes 1 and 3 are metacentric

A

Metacentric Chromosomes

44
Q

-it has a centromere slightly offset from the center leading to a slight asymmetry in the length of the 2 sections, human chromosomes 4 through 12 are submetacentric

A

Submetacentric Chromosomes

45
Q

-it has a centromere which is severely offset from the center leading to one very long and one very short section. Human chromosomes 13,15,21, and 22 are acrocentric

A

Acrocentric chromosomes

46
Q

-it has a centromere at the very end of the chromosome. humans do not possess telocentric chromosomes but they are found in other species such as mice

A

Telocentric chromosomes

Zoology (4 decks)

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