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Zoology > Animal Classifications, Phylogeny and Organization > Flashcards

Animal Classifications, Phylogeny and Organization Flashcards

1
Q

science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals, and microorganisms of the world

A

Taxonomy/Systematics

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2
Q

Why classify things?

A

-organize
-categorize
-order

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3
Q

-was a Swedish biologist who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.

-developed a hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the basis for modern taxonomy

-father of modern taxonomy

A

Carolus Linnaeus

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4
Q

7 Levels of Organization

A

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

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5
Q

The first word of the scientific name is the _____ to which the organism belongs

A

Genus

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6
Q

refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs

A

the genus name

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7
Q

The 2nd word of the scientific name is the ______

A

species

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8
Q

Is usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism

A

the species name

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9
Q

Colocasia esculenta

A

taro

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10
Q

Pterocarpus indicus

A

Narra

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11
Q

Naja philippinensis

A

Philippine cobra

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12
Q

Bubalus bubalis carabanensis

A

Philippine swamp buffalo

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13
Q

Canarium ovatum

A

Pili tree

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14
Q

Oryza sativa

A

Rice

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15
Q

Oreochromis niloticus

A

Nile tilapia

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16
Q

Organisms were first classified more than 2000 years ago by the Greek philosopher ______

A

Aristotle

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17
Q

According to Aristotle, the organisms were grouped into 3

A

land dwellers
water dwellers
air dwellers

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18
Q

Reasons why Aristotle’s system became inadequate

A
  1. Categories were not specific enough
  2. Common names did not describe a species accurately
  3. Names were long and hard to remember
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19
Q

is a system that organizes the tremendous diversity of organisms into a phylogenetic tree

A

Systematics

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20
Q

-a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms
-it represents a hypothesis that is based on lines of evidence like fossil record, morphology, embryological patterns of development, and chromosomes and molecules

A

phylogenetic tree

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21
Q

it often provides clues to evolutionary relationships

A

Fossil record

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22
Q

The more homologous features two organisms share, the more _____ _____ they are thought to be.

A

closely related

23
Q

is a system of taxonomy that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on similarities

A

Cladistics

24
Q

-used to determine the sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved.
-focuses on a set of unique characteristics found in a particular group of organisms

A

Cladistics

25
Q

these unique characteristics are called ?

A

derived traits or derived characters

26
Q

using patterns of shared derived traits, biologists used cladistics to construct a branching diagram called a _____

A

Cladogram

27
Q

shows how a sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved

A

Cladogram

28
Q

Key to Cladistics

A

identifying morphological, physiological, molecular, or behavioral traits that differ among the organism being studied and that can be attributed a common ancestor

29
Q

Six kingdom system

A
  1. Archaebacteria
  2. Eubacteria
  3. Protista
  4. Fungi
  5. Plantae
  6. Animalia
30
Q

-may be directly descended from and very similar to the first organisms on Earth
-unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes as well as biochemical and genetic properties that differ from all other kinds of life
-some are autotrophic, most are heterotrophic

A

Archaebacteria

31
Q

live in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in anaerobic environments like intestines of mammals

A

Archaebacteria

32
Q

-unicellular prokaryotes
-most of the bacteria (germs) that affect your life are members of the kingdom____
-are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

A

Eubacteria

33
Q

the combined kingdoms ______ and ______ include the greatest number of living things on earth

A

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

34
Q

All of the prokaryotes are in these 2 kingdoms

A

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

35
Q

-these organisms are placed here more because of what they are not than what they are

A

Protista

36
Q

-contains all eukaryotes that are not plants, animal or fungi, more than 50000 species in all.
-includes unicellular and a few multicellular eukaryotes
-includes euglena and amoeba

A

protista

37
Q

have nuclei and organelles that are surrounded by membranes

A

eukaryotic cells

38
Q

-are eukaryotes and most are multicellular
-cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a material called chitin
-heterotrophic and obtain their nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a food source

A

Kingdom Fungi

39
Q

-absorb their food after it has been digested by the enzymes
-act as decomposers or as parasites in nature
-includes molds, mildews, mushrooms, and yeast

A

fungi

40
Q

this diverse group contains vascular and nonvascular plants, flowering and nonflowering plants as well as seed-bearing and non-seed bearing plants.
-plants are primary producers and support life for most food chains in the planet’s major biomes

A

Plantae

41
Q

-are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic
-animal cells have no cell walls
-most members of animal kingdom can move from place to place

A

Animalia

42
Q

Kingdom Animalia includes:

A

-sponges and barnacles, fish, bird, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals including humans
-sponges, jellyfish, worms, sea stars and insects

43
Q

3 domain systems

A
  1. Domain Archae(archaebacteria)
  2. Domain Bacteria (eubacteria)
  3. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes)
44
Q

true nuclei with linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles

-includes protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

A

Eukarya or eukaryotes

45
Q

-have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions
-only able to replicate by infecting cells and using the organelles and enzymes within

A

Viruses

46
Q

-very small, 20nm to 250 nm
-has two parts: a nucleic acid and a protein called a capsid
-nucleic acid may be a DNA or RNA but not both
-some viruses have a membrane-like structure outside the capsid called an envelope

A

Viruses

47
Q

Highest level on the biological classification scale. All living creatures are classed as part of the Animalia kingdom.

A

Kingdom

48
Q

splits animals by major characteristics. vertebrates (fish, birds, mammals and humans) are in the chordata phylum

A

Phylum

49
Q

distinguishes further. fish are divided into chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and osteichthyes (bony fish)

A

Class

50
Q

further differentiates by physical characteristics

A

order

51
Q

follows on from order by placing into groups by further characteristics. for example cod, coalfish, pollock and whiting are all members of the Gadidae family, and share features such as all having 3 dorsal fins

A

family

52
Q

is a further, final breakdown. for example cod are in the Gadus genus to differentiate them from the other fish in the gadidae family

A

genus

53
Q

final step and pinpoints the exact creature

A

species

Zoology (4 decks)

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