Animal Classifications, Phylogeny and Organization

Question 1

science of naming, describing and classifying organisms and includes all plants, animals, and microorganisms of the world

Answer 1

Taxonomy/Systematics

Question 2

Why classify things?

Answer 2

-organize
-categorize
-order

Question 3

-was a Swedish biologist who established a simple system for classifying and naming organisms.

-developed a hierarchy (a ranking system) for classifying organisms that is the basis for modern taxonomy

-father of modern taxonomy

Answer 3

Carolus Linnaeus

Question 4

7 Levels of Organization

Answer 4

Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species

Question 5

The first word of the scientific name is the _____ to which the organism belongs

Answer 5

Genus

Question 6

refers to the relatively small group of organisms to which a particular type of organism belongs

Answer 6

the genus name

Question 7

The 2nd word of the scientific name is the ______

Answer 7

species

Question 8

Is usually a Latin description of some important characteristic of the organism

Answer 8

the species name

Question 9

Colocasia esculenta

Answer 9

taro

Question 10

Pterocarpus indicus

Answer 10

Narra

Question 11

Naja philippinensis

Answer 11

Philippine cobra

Question 12

Bubalus bubalis carabanensis

Answer 12

Philippine swamp buffalo

Question 13

Canarium ovatum

Answer 13

Pili tree

Question 14

Oryza sativa

Answer 14

Rice

Question 15

Oreochromis niloticus

Answer 15

Nile tilapia

Question 16

Organisms were first classified more than 2000 years ago by the Greek philosopher ______

Answer 16

Aristotle

Question 17

According to Aristotle, the organisms were grouped into 3

Answer 17

land dwellers
water dwellers
air dwellers

Question 18

Reasons why Aristotle’s system became inadequate

Answer 18

1. Categories were not specific enough
2. Common names did not describe a species accurately
3. Names were long and hard to remember

Question 19

is a system that organizes the tremendous diversity of organisms into a phylogenetic tree

Answer 19

Systematics

Question 20

-a family tree that shows the evolutionary relationships thought to exist between organisms
-it represents a hypothesis that is based on lines of evidence like fossil record, morphology, embryological patterns of development, and chromosomes and molecules

Answer 20

phylogenetic tree

Question 21

it often provides clues to evolutionary relationships

Answer 21

Fossil record

Question 22

The more homologous features two organisms share, the more _____ _____ they are thought to be.

Answer 22

closely related

Question 23

is a system of taxonomy that reconstructs phylogenies by inferring relationships based on similarities

Answer 23

Cladistics

Question 24

-used to determine the sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved.
-focuses on a set of unique characteristics found in a particular group of organisms

Answer 24

Cladistics

Question 25

these unique characteristics are called ?

Answer 25

derived traits or derived characters

Question 26

using patterns of shared derived traits, biologists used cladistics to construct a branching diagram called a _____

Answer 26

Cladogram

Question 27

shows how a sequence in which different groups of organisms evolved

Answer 27

Cladogram

Question 28

Key to Cladistics

Answer 28

identifying morphological, physiological, molecular, or behavioral traits that differ among the organism being studied and that can be attributed a common ancestor

Question 29

Six kingdom system

Answer 29

1. Archaebacteria 2. Eubacteria 3. Protista 4. Fungi 5. Plantae 6. Animalia

Question 30

-may be directly descended from and very similar to the first organisms on Earth -unicellular prokaryotes with distinctive cell membranes as well as biochemical and genetic properties that differ from all other kinds of life -some are autotrophic, most are heterotrophic

Answer 30

Archaebacteria

Question 31

live in harsh environments such as sulfurous hot springs, very salty lakes, and in anaerobic environments like intestines of mammals

Answer 31

Archaebacteria

Question 32

-unicellular prokaryotes -most of the bacteria (germs) that affect your life are members of the kingdom____ -are both autotrophic and heterotrophic

Answer 32

Eubacteria

Question 33

the combined kingdoms ______ and ______ include the greatest number of living things on earth

Answer 33

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Question 34

All of the prokaryotes are in these 2 kingdoms

Answer 34

Archaebacteria and Eubacteria

Question 35

-these organisms are placed here more because of what they are not than what they are

Answer 35

Protista

Question 36

-contains all eukaryotes that are not plants, animal or fungi, more than 50000 species in all. -includes unicellular and a few multicellular eukaryotes -includes euglena and amoeba

Answer 36

protista

Question 37

have nuclei and organelles that are surrounded by membranes

Answer 37

eukaryotic cells

Question 38

-are eukaryotes and most are multicellular -cells of fungi have cell walls that contain a material called chitin -heterotrophic and obtain their nutrients by releasing digestive enzymes into a food source

Answer 38

Kingdom Fungi

Question 39

-absorb their food after it has been digested by the enzymes -act as decomposers or as parasites in nature -includes molds, mildews, mushrooms, and yeast

Answer 39

fungi

Question 40

this diverse group contains vascular and nonvascular plants, flowering and nonflowering plants as well as seed-bearing and non-seed bearing plants. -plants are primary producers and support life for most food chains in the planet's major biomes

Answer 40

Plantae

Question 41

-are multicellular, eukaryotic, and heterotrophic -animal cells have no cell walls -most members of animal kingdom can move from place to place

Answer 41

Animalia

Question 42

Kingdom Animalia includes:

Answer 42

-sponges and barnacles, fish, bird, reptiles, amphibians, and mammals including humans -sponges, jellyfish, worms, sea stars and insects

Question 43

3 domain systems

Answer 43

1. Domain Archae(archaebacteria) 2. Domain Bacteria (eubacteria) 3. Domain Eukarya (eukaryotes)

Question 44

true nuclei with linear chromosomes and membrane-bound organelles -includes protista, plantae, fungi, and animalia

Answer 44

Eukarya or eukaryotes

Question 45

-have no nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, or cell membrane, so can not carry out cellular functions -only able to replicate by infecting cells and using the organelles and enzymes within

Answer 45

Viruses

Question 46

-very small, 20nm to 250 nm -has two parts: a nucleic acid and a protein called a capsid -nucleic acid may be a DNA or RNA but not both -some viruses have a membrane-like structure outside the capsid called an envelope

Answer 46

Viruses

Question 47

Highest level on the biological classification scale. All living creatures are classed as part of the Animalia kingdom.

Answer 47

Kingdom

Question 48

splits animals by major characteristics. vertebrates (fish, birds, mammals and humans) are in the chordata phylum

Answer 48

Phylum

Question 49

distinguishes further. fish are divided into chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish) and osteichthyes (bony fish)

Answer 49

Class

Question 50

further differentiates by physical characteristics

Answer 50

order

Question 51

follows on from order by placing into groups by further characteristics. for example cod, coalfish, pollock and whiting are all members of the Gadidae family, and share features such as all having 3 dorsal fins

Answer 51

family

Question 52

is a further, final breakdown. for example cod are in the Gadus genus to differentiate them from the other fish in the gadidae family

Answer 52

genus

Question 53

final step and pinpoints the exact creature

Answer 53

species