Biomolecules Flashcards
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
-monos=single and sacchar=sugar
-simplest carbohydrates, also known as single sugars
-Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharides
-most names for sugars end in -ose
Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are classified by:
-location of the carbonyl group
>aldose-aldehyde sugars
>ketoses-ketone sugars
-length of their carbon skeletons
>trioses-3 carbon sugars
>pentoses-5 carbon sugars
>hexoses-6 carbon sugars
Monosaccharides, particularly glucose have the following functions:
a. major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration
b. major nutrient for cells
c. their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids
-Greek di=two or double and sacchar=sugar
-are double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction
Disaccharides
Example of disaccharides
-maltose- 2 molecules of glucose
-sucrose- glucose and fructose
-lactose- glucose and galactose
-are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage
Polysaccharides
2 types of polysaccharides
Storage polysaccharides
Structural polysaccharides
both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides
Storage Polysaccharides
examples of storage polysaccharides
starch and glycogen
Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures known as ________, which include chloroplasts
plastids
A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly in _____ and ______ _____.
liver
muscle cells
polysaccharides serve as building material for structure that protect the cell or whole organism
structural polysaccharides
examples of structural polysaccharides
Cellulose and chitin
a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Cellulose
a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells
Cellulose
-the carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons
-also found in cell walls of many fungi
-it is used to make strong and flexible surgical
chitin
compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water
Lipids
3 forms of Lipids
- fats
- phospholipids
- steroids
constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids
Fats
Types of Fats
Saturated Fat
-butter, margarine
Unsaturated Fat
-Olive oil, rosemary oil
Functions of fats
- energy storage
- cushions vital organs
- insulates the body
-are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes
Phospholipids
Structures of Phospholipids
Hydrophilic head- phosphate group and its attachment has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic tails- hydrocarbon are excluded from water
Many hormones are _________ produced from cholesterol
Steroids
-is synthesized in the liver
-is crucial in animals, although a high level of it in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis
Cholesterol
has two types: the DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next
Nucleic Acids
-is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Each chromosome contains 1 long DNA molecule, usually carrying several hundreds or more ______
Genes (unit of inheritance)
When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its DNA molecules are ______ and passed along from one one generation of cells to the next
copied
-consist of a single polynucleotide chain
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
The sugar connected to the nitrogenous bases is ______ in the nucleotide of RNA
ribose
The nitrogen base in RNA
-pyrimidine family (C and U)
-purine family (A and G)
-Greek word “proteios” means first place
-Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions
Proteins
Types of proteins
- Enzymatic Proteins
- Structural Proteins
- Storage Proteins
- Transport Proteins
- Hormonal Proteins
- Receptor Proteins
- Contractile/ Motor Proteins
- Defensive Proteins
regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions
Enzymatic Proteins
-play a role in structural support
-example: cocoons and webs, collagen and elastin, keratin
Structural Proteins
-storage of amino acids
-example: ovalbumin, casein, seeds
Storage Proteins
-transport of other substances
-example: hemoglobin
Transport Proteins
-coordination of an organisms’ activities
-example: insulin
Hormonal Proteins
-response of cell to chemical stimuli
-example: receptors build into the membrane of nerve cell
Receptor Proteins
-for movement
-example: actin and myosin, cilia and flagella
Contractile/ Motor Proteins
-protections against diseases
-example: antibodies
Defensive Proteins
