Biomolecules

Question 1

Carbohydrates

Answer 1

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

Question 2

-monos=single and sacchar=sugar
-simplest carbohydrates, also known as single sugars
-Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharides
-most names for sugars end in -ose

Answer 2

Monosaccharides

Question 3

Monosaccharides are classified by:

Answer 3

-location of the carbonyl group
>aldose-aldehyde sugars
>ketoses-ketone sugars
-length of their carbon skeletons
>trioses-3 carbon sugars
>pentoses-5 carbon sugars
>hexoses-6 carbon sugars

Question 4

Monosaccharides, particularly glucose have the following functions:

Answer 4

a. major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration
b. major nutrient for cells
c. their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids

Question 5

-Greek di=two or double and sacchar=sugar
-are double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 5

Disaccharides

Question 6

Example of disaccharides

Answer 6

-maltose- 2 molecules of glucose
-sucrose- glucose and fructose
-lactose- glucose and galactose

Question 7

-are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

Answer 7

Polysaccharides

Question 8

2 types of polysaccharides

Answer 8

Storage polysaccharides
Structural polysaccharides

Question 9

both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides

Answer 9

Storage Polysaccharides

Question 10

examples of storage polysaccharides

Answer 10

starch and glycogen

Question 11

Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures known as ________, which include chloroplasts

Answer 11

plastids

Question 12

A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly in _____ and ______ _____.

Answer 12

liver
muscle cells

Question 13

polysaccharides serve as building material for structure that protect the cell or whole organism

Answer 13

structural polysaccharides

Question 14

examples of structural polysaccharides

Answer 14

Cellulose and chitin

Question 15

a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Answer 15

Cellulose

Question 16

a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Answer 16

Cellulose

Question 17

-the carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons
-also found in cell walls of many fungi
-it is used to make strong and flexible surgical

Answer 17

chitin

Question 18

compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water

Answer 18

Lipids

Question 19

3 forms of Lipids

Answer 19

1. fats
2. phospholipids
3. steroids

Question 20

constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

Answer 20

Fats

Question 21

Types of Fats

Answer 21

Saturated Fat
-butter, margarine
Unsaturated Fat
-Olive oil, rosemary oil

Question 22

Functions of fats

Answer 22

1. energy storage
2. cushions vital organs
3. insulates the body

Question 23

-are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes

Answer 23

Phospholipids

Question 24

Structures of Phospholipids

Answer 24

Hydrophilic head- phosphate group and its attachment has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic tails- hydrocarbon are excluded from water

Question 25

Many hormones are _________ produced from cholesterol

Answer 25

Steroids

Question 26

-is synthesized in the liver -is crucial in animals, although a high level of it in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis

Answer 26

Cholesterol

Question 27

has two types: the DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next

Answer 27

Nucleic Acids

Question 28

-is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

Answer 28

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Question 29

Each chromosome contains 1 long DNA molecule, usually carrying several hundreds or more ______

Answer 29

Genes (unit of inheritance)

Question 30

When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its DNA molecules are ______ and passed along from one one generation of cells to the next

Answer 30

copied

Question 31

-consist of a single polynucleotide chain

Answer 31

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Question 32

The sugar connected to the nitrogenous bases is ______ in the nucleotide of RNA

Answer 32

ribose

Question 33

The nitrogen base in RNA

Answer 33

-pyrimidine family (C and U) -purine family (A and G)

Question 34

-Greek word "proteios" means first place -Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

Answer 34

Proteins

Question 35

Types of proteins

Answer 35

1. Enzymatic Proteins 2. Structural Proteins 3. Storage Proteins 4. Transport Proteins 5. Hormonal Proteins 6. Receptor Proteins 7. Contractile/ Motor Proteins 8. Defensive Proteins

Question 36

regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

Answer 36

Enzymatic Proteins

Question 37

-play a role in structural support -example: cocoons and webs, collagen and elastin, keratin

Answer 37

Structural Proteins

Question 38

-storage of amino acids -example: ovalbumin, casein, seeds

Answer 38

Storage Proteins

Question 39

-transport of other substances -example: hemoglobin

Answer 39

Transport Proteins

Question 40

-coordination of an organisms' activities -example: insulin

Answer 40

Hormonal Proteins

Question 41

-response of cell to chemical stimuli -example: receptors build into the membrane of nerve cell

Answer 41

Receptor Proteins

Question 42

-for movement -example: actin and myosin, cilia and flagella

Answer 42

Contractile/ Motor Proteins

Question 43

-protections against diseases -example: antibodies

Answer 43

Defensive Proteins