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Zoology > Biomolecules > Flashcards

Biomolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides

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2
Q

-monos=single and sacchar=sugar
-simplest carbohydrates, also known as single sugars
-Glucose (C6H12O6) is the most common monosaccharides
-most names for sugars end in -ose

A

Monosaccharides

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3
Q

Monosaccharides are classified by:

A

-location of the carbonyl group
>aldose-aldehyde sugars
>ketoses-ketone sugars
-length of their carbon skeletons
>trioses-3 carbon sugars
>pentoses-5 carbon sugars
>hexoses-6 carbon sugars

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4
Q

Monosaccharides, particularly glucose have the following functions:

A

a. major fuel for cellular work in the process known as cellular respiration
b. major nutrient for cells
c. their carbon skeletons also serve as raw material for the synthesis of other types of small organic molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids

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5
Q

-Greek di=two or double and sacchar=sugar
-are double sugars consisting of 2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage, a covalent bond formed between 2 monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

A

Disaccharides

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6
Q

Example of disaccharides

A

-maltose- 2 molecules of glucose
-sucrose- glucose and fructose
-lactose- glucose and galactose

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7
Q

-are macromolecules, polymers with a few hundred to a few thousand monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage

A

Polysaccharides

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8
Q

2 types of polysaccharides

A

Storage polysaccharides
Structural polysaccharides

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9
Q

both plants and animals store sugars for later use in the form of storage polysaccharides

A

Storage Polysaccharides

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10
Q

examples of storage polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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11
Q

Plants store starch as granules within cellular structures known as ________, which include chloroplasts

A

plastids

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12
Q

A storage polysaccharide in animals usually stored mainly in _____ and ______ _____.

A

liver
muscle cells

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13
Q

polysaccharides serve as building material for structure that protect the cell or whole organism

A

structural polysaccharides

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14
Q

examples of structural polysaccharides

A

Cellulose and chitin

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15
Q

a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

A

Cellulose

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16
Q

a major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

A

Cellulose

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17
Q

-the carbohydrate used by anthropods to build their exoskeletons
-also found in cell walls of many fungi
-it is used to make strong and flexible surgical

A

chitin

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18
Q

compounds that are hydrophobic, which explains why fats or oils don’t mix with water

A

Lipids

19
Q

3 forms of Lipids

A
  1. fats
  2. phospholipids
  3. steroids
20
Q

constructed from 2 smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

A

Fats

21
Q

Types of Fats

A

Saturated Fat
-butter, margarine
Unsaturated Fat
-Olive oil, rosemary oil

22
Q

Functions of fats

A
  1. energy storage
  2. cushions vital organs
  3. insulates the body
23
Q

-are essential for cells because they make up cell membranes

A

Phospholipids

24
Q

Structures of Phospholipids

A

Hydrophilic head- phosphate group and its attachment has an affinity for water
Hydrophobic tails- hydrocarbon are excluded from water

25
Q

Many hormones are _________ produced from cholesterol

A

Steroids

26
Q

-is synthesized in the liver
-is crucial in animals, although a high level of it in the blood may contribute to atherosclerosis

A

Cholesterol

27
Q

has two types: the DNA and RNA enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next

A

Nucleic Acids

28
Q

-is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

29
Q

Each chromosome contains 1 long DNA molecule, usually carrying several hundreds or more ______

A

Genes (unit of inheritance)

30
Q

When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its DNA molecules are ______ and passed along from one one generation of cells to the next

A

copied

31
Q

-consist of a single polynucleotide chain

A

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

32
Q

The sugar connected to the nitrogenous bases is ______ in the nucleotide of RNA

A

ribose

33
Q

The nitrogen base in RNA

A

-pyrimidine family (C and U)
-purine family (A and G)

34
Q

-Greek word “proteios” means first place
-Have many structures, resulting in a wide range of functions

A

Proteins

35
Q

Types of proteins

A
  1. Enzymatic Proteins
  2. Structural Proteins
  3. Storage Proteins
  4. Transport Proteins
  5. Hormonal Proteins
  6. Receptor Proteins
  7. Contractile/ Motor Proteins
  8. Defensive Proteins
36
Q

regulate metabolism by acting as catalysts that speed up chemical reactions

A

Enzymatic Proteins

37
Q

-play a role in structural support
-example: cocoons and webs, collagen and elastin, keratin

A

Structural Proteins

38
Q

-storage of amino acids
-example: ovalbumin, casein, seeds

A

Storage Proteins

39
Q

-transport of other substances
-example: hemoglobin

A

Transport Proteins

40
Q

-coordination of an organisms’ activities
-example: insulin

A

Hormonal Proteins

41
Q

-response of cell to chemical stimuli
-example: receptors build into the membrane of nerve cell

A

Receptor Proteins

42
Q

-for movement
-example: actin and myosin, cilia and flagella

A

Contractile/ Motor Proteins

43
Q

-protections against diseases
-example: antibodies

A

Defensive Proteins

Zoology (4 decks)

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