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biosci 107 > cells and tissue > Flashcards

cells and tissue Flashcards

1
Q

how many tissues in the muscular system?

A

Only the skeletal muscle tissue, which are striated, contain multiple nuclei and are under voluntary control.

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2
Q

list the functions of the urinary system

A

urine production
monitors blood water levels
storage and elimination of urine
assist in production of blood cells

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3
Q

Explain the origin of the germ layers

A

check p37 in lecture guide lol

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4
Q

what tissues and to be organs does the ectoderm form?

A

epithelial and nervous

spinal cord, brain, nerves and epithelium of skin

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5
Q

what tissues and to be organs does the mesoderm form?

A

epithelium, connective and most muscle tissue

bone, blood and heart

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6
Q

what tissues and to be organs does the endoderm form?

A

epithelial

lining of gastrointestinal tract, epithelium and its associated glands.

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7
Q

what transmembrane proteins are involved in tight junctions?

A

occludins and claudins

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8
Q

what constitutes the basal lamina and what is is secreted by?

A

epithelial cells secrete laminin, collagen and glycoproteins. Epithelial cells are avascualar so no nutrients are secreted by epithelial cells

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9
Q

what constitutes the reticular lamina and what is is secreted by?

A

secreted by underlying connective tissue called fibroblasts, secretes firbonectin and collagen. Nutrients diffuse from blood vessels below reticular lamina.

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10
Q

what is the difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments?

A

Microfilaments include actin and are involved in cell movement (e.g. pseudopodia)

Intermediate filaments are bigger and thicker e.g. keratin and are involved in strength and moves materials thorough cytoplasm.

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11
Q

give an example of where the simple squamous cells are

A

endothelium lining blood vessels, kidney (for filtration), diffusion (in lungs), secretion (in serous membranes)

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12
Q

give an example of where the simple cuboidal cells are

A

purpose is for secretion and absorption and they line the kidney tubules and ducts of glands.

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13
Q

give an example of where the simple columnar cells are

A

lines the gastroinsteinal tract (non-cilliated) and parts of the upper respiratory tract (ciliated)

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14
Q

where is stratified squamous cells found (both keratinised and non keratinised)

A

keratinsied is found in skin epithelium. Non-keratnisied is found in lining of oesophagus,mouth and vagina.

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15
Q

give an example of where the psuedostraified cells are

A

lines airways of most of the upper respiratory tract

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16
Q

What are GAGs

A

Repeating disaccharide units, glycosaminoglycans, have negative charges and therefore attract water molecules. e.g. chondroitin sulphate and keratin sulphate

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17
Q

label the diagram on p45

A

try again if u got it wrong

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18
Q

name all four sulfated GAGs

A

chondrotin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatin sulfate, heparin sulfate

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19
Q

Describe the three fibres found in the extracellular matrix

A

collagen, is the strongest
reticular fibres, collagen coated in glycoproteins,
elastin, elastic fibre surrounded by the glycoprotein, firbrillin, is the weakest

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20
Q

aggrecan is found in invertebrate discs, explain how aggrecan forms

A

aggrecan is formed as the glycosaminoglycan hyularonic acid can aggregate with other proteins.

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21
Q

what is hyaluronidase

A

it is an enzyme which is produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria. It makes the ground substance more liquid so they can move more easily.

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22
Q

Describe how they ground substance is made up

A

Glycosaminoglycans are covalently bonded to a protein core which is bonded to a glycoprotein link, which attatches to the hyaluronic acid.. The GAGs and the protein core make up the proteoglycan.

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23
Q

where and what is the function of the fibroblast?

A

migratory cells that are distributed in the connective tissue (below reticular lamina) and they secret components into the matrix such as collagen and fibronectin

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24
Q

Explain Marfan Syndrome

A

Dominant mutation for chromosme 15
which codes for fibrillin
fibrillin is a large scaffolding protein for elastin
symptoms are that individuals are tall, long limbed, with a chest deformity, they may have weakened heart valves or retrial walls,

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25
Q

what is chondroitin sulphate used for?

A

support

provides the adhesive features of cartilage, bone skin and blood vessels

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26
Q

what is keratin sulphate used for?

A

found in bone
cartilage
corner of eye

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27
Q

what is dreamt sulphate used for?

A

found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves

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28
Q

what type of connective tissue gives rise to all other connective tissues?

A

mesenchymal tissue

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29
Q

Explain the three types of LOOSE connective tissue

A

loose connective tissue all have few fibres and lots of cells
ARELOAR contains all three fibres, collagen, elastin and reticular
ADIPOSE are derived from fibroblasts and are adipocytes - come in white (for energy storage) and brown (for insulation) forms
RETICULAR are reticular fibres that bind smooth muscle tissues and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph node.

30
Q

Explain the three types of DENSE connective tissue

A

has lots of fibres and fewer cells
REGULAR regularly arranged collagen e.g. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses,
IRREGULAR irregularly arranged and pulling in all directions
ELASTIC elastic fibres found in lung tissue and elastic artery walls

31
Q

Explain the three types of CARTILAGE connective tissue

A

ELASTIC - threadlike network of elastic fibres
HYALINE - dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
FIBROCARTILAGE - (strongest) thick bundles of collagen

32
Q

What is a Lamellae

A

concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (e.g. calcium phospahte and calcium hydroxide which together form hydroxyapetite, and collagen for strength)

33
Q

What is Lacunae

A

means lake – small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)

34
Q

What is Canaliculi

A

minute canals that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste

35
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds anatomical muscles

A

Epimysium

36
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds fascicles

A

Perimysium

37
Q

What is Endomysium

A

AREOLAR connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre

38
Q

Describe what cardiac muscle tissue looks like

A

striated
connected via intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
involuntary muscle tissue
one nuclei per cell

39
Q

Describe what smooth muscle tissue looks like and works

A

spindle shaped
one nuclei per cell
non-striated
still made of actin and myosin, actin attaches to dense bodies and so do intermediate filaments (such as keratin) and the cell rotates and contracts

40
Q

Explain the three activities of the nervous tissue

A

SIM card
Sensory (detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS)
Integrative (analyiss and storing of info)
Motor (stimulation of effectors through PNS)

41
Q

Explain function of astrocytes

A 
CNS neuroglia
support and repair
communciation
maintanence e.g. regulating ions
maintains blain blood barrier
42
Q

Explain function of oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin sheath around CNS axons

43
Q

Explain function of Microglia

A

Phagocytotic

44
Q

Explain function of Ependymal cells

A

Produce cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a mechanical buffer as it moves nutrients and wastes. Cerebrospinal fluid lines the central canal of the spinal cord. They are cuboidal cells with cilia and microvilli

45
Q

Explain function of Shwaan cells

A

forms myelin sheath around axons in the PNS

46
Q

Explain function of Satellite cells

A

surrounds cell bodies and supports fluid exchange

47
Q

What are macrophages? And where are the fixed and wandering types found in connective tissue?

A

Phagocytic cells
Fixed:alveolar tissue; spleen
Wandering:sites of infections, inflammation, injury

48
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

From b lymphocytes and they produce antibodies found in many connective tissues e.g. gut and lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes etc.

49
Q

What are mast cells?

A

produce histamines that dilates vessels and is found alongside blood vessels

50
Q

Where are examples where simple tubular, simple coiled tubular and simple branched tubular found?

A

simple tubular - intestinal glands
simple coiled tubular - sweat glands
simple branched tubular - mucous glands and gastric glands

51
Q

Where are examples where simple branched alveolar are found?

A

sebeaceuous oil glands

52
Q

Where are examples where compound tubular, compound alveolar and compound tubuloalveolar are found?

A

compound tubular - seminiferous tubules, mucous glands in mouth,
compound alveolar - mammary glands
compound tubuloalveolar - salivary glands, pancreas

53
Q

list the order of bone cell tissue maturation and each of their functions

A

osteogenic cells - mesenchymal stem cells that develop into
osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
ostecytes - mature bone cells
osteoclasts - formed from monocytes and they break down bone

54
Q

What are the roles of erythrocytes?

A

Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

55
Q

Name four different types of leukocytes and their functions

A

Leukocytes combat disease:
i. Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) are
phagocytic, engulfing bacteria.
ii. Basophils release substances (e.g. histamine) that
intensify the inflammatory reaction.
iii. Eosinophils are effective against certain parasitic
worms and in acute allergic response .
iv. Lymphocytes are involved in the immune
response.

56
Q

Name the components that make up the connective tissue blood

A

blood plasma, erthryocytes, leukocytes, platelets

57
Q

What is EPO

A

Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
• It signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
• The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater
carrying capacity for oxygen.

58
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the mesothelium?

A

simple squamous

59
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the interior of the heart?

A

simple squamous

60
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the anterior surface of the capsule of the lens of the eye

A

simple cuboidal

61
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the interior of the fallopian tubes

A

ciliated simple columnar

62
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the mouth and covers the tongue?

A

stratifies squamous

63
Q

What is the classification and arrangement of:

epithelium that lines the ducts of adult sweat glands?

A

stratified cuboidal

64
Q

What structure do motor and interneurons uptake?

A

mostly multipolar

65
Q

What structure do sensory neurons uptake?

A

mostly unipolar

66
Q

Where is loose reticular tissue found?

A

Spleen, kidney and lymph nodes

67
Q

What is the red and white pulp of the spleen contain?

A

Red - stores platelets, removes defective RBCs

White - T cells and macrophages

68
Q

What do fibroblasts secrete into the reticular lamina?

A

fibronectin

69
Q

What glycoprotein coats elastin?

A

fibrillin

70
Q

What junctions are found in osteocytes?

A

Gap junctions

71
Q

What are the granular leukocytes found in blood connective tissue?

A

Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil

BEN

72
Q

Where are Tcells matured?

A

in the thymus

biosci 107 (7 decks)

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