cells and tissue Flashcards
how many tissues in the muscular system?
Only the skeletal muscle tissue, which are striated, contain multiple nuclei and are under voluntary control.
list the functions of the urinary system
urine production
monitors blood water levels
storage and elimination of urine
assist in production of blood cells
Explain the origin of the germ layers
check p37 in lecture guide lol
what tissues and to be organs does the ectoderm form?
epithelial and nervous
spinal cord, brain, nerves and epithelium of skin
what tissues and to be organs does the mesoderm form?
epithelium, connective and most muscle tissue
bone, blood and heart
what tissues and to be organs does the endoderm form?
epithelial
lining of gastrointestinal tract, epithelium and its associated glands.
what transmembrane proteins are involved in tight junctions?
occludins and claudins
what constitutes the basal lamina and what is is secreted by?
epithelial cells secrete laminin, collagen and glycoproteins. Epithelial cells are avascualar so no nutrients are secreted by epithelial cells
what constitutes the reticular lamina and what is is secreted by?
secreted by underlying connective tissue called fibroblasts, secretes firbonectin and collagen. Nutrients diffuse from blood vessels below reticular lamina.
what is the difference between microfilaments and intermediate filaments?
Microfilaments include actin and are involved in cell movement (e.g. pseudopodia)
Intermediate filaments are bigger and thicker e.g. keratin and are involved in strength and moves materials thorough cytoplasm.
give an example of where the simple squamous cells are
endothelium lining blood vessels, kidney (for filtration), diffusion (in lungs), secretion (in serous membranes)
give an example of where the simple cuboidal cells are
purpose is for secretion and absorption and they line the kidney tubules and ducts of glands.
give an example of where the simple columnar cells are
lines the gastroinsteinal tract (non-cilliated) and parts of the upper respiratory tract (ciliated)
where is stratified squamous cells found (both keratinised and non keratinised)
keratinsied is found in skin epithelium. Non-keratnisied is found in lining of oesophagus,mouth and vagina.
give an example of where the psuedostraified cells are
lines airways of most of the upper respiratory tract
What are GAGs
Repeating disaccharide units, glycosaminoglycans, have negative charges and therefore attract water molecules. e.g. chondroitin sulphate and keratin sulphate
label the diagram on p45
try again if u got it wrong
name all four sulfated GAGs
chondrotin sulfate, keratan sulfate, dermatin sulfate, heparin sulfate
Describe the three fibres found in the extracellular matrix
collagen, is the strongest
reticular fibres, collagen coated in glycoproteins,
elastin, elastic fibre surrounded by the glycoprotein, firbrillin, is the weakest
aggrecan is found in invertebrate discs, explain how aggrecan forms
aggrecan is formed as the glycosaminoglycan hyularonic acid can aggregate with other proteins.
what is hyaluronidase
it is an enzyme which is produced by white blood cells, sperm and some bacteria. It makes the ground substance more liquid so they can move more easily.
Describe how they ground substance is made up
Glycosaminoglycans are covalently bonded to a protein core which is bonded to a glycoprotein link, which attatches to the hyaluronic acid.. The GAGs and the protein core make up the proteoglycan.
where and what is the function of the fibroblast?
migratory cells that are distributed in the connective tissue (below reticular lamina) and they secret components into the matrix such as collagen and fibronectin
Explain Marfan Syndrome
Dominant mutation for chromosme 15
which codes for fibrillin
fibrillin is a large scaffolding protein for elastin
symptoms are that individuals are tall, long limbed, with a chest deformity, they may have weakened heart valves or retrial walls,
what is chondroitin sulphate used for?
support
provides the adhesive features of cartilage, bone skin and blood vessels
what is keratin sulphate used for?
found in bone
cartilage
corner of eye
what is dreamt sulphate used for?
found in skin, tendons, blood vessels and heart valves
what type of connective tissue gives rise to all other connective tissues?
mesenchymal tissue
Explain the three types of LOOSE connective tissue
loose connective tissue all have few fibres and lots of cells
ARELOAR contains all three fibres, collagen, elastin and reticular
ADIPOSE are derived from fibroblasts and are adipocytes - come in white (for energy storage) and brown (for insulation) forms
RETICULAR are reticular fibres that bind smooth muscle tissues and removes worn out blood cells in spleen and microbes in lymph node.
Explain the three types of DENSE connective tissue
has lots of fibres and fewer cells
REGULAR regularly arranged collagen e.g. tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses,
IRREGULAR irregularly arranged and pulling in all directions
ELASTIC elastic fibres found in lung tissue and elastic artery walls
Explain the three types of CARTILAGE connective tissue
ELASTIC - threadlike network of elastic fibres
HYALINE - dense network of collagen and elastic fibres
FIBROCARTILAGE - (strongest) thick bundles of collagen
What is a Lamellae
concentric rings of mineral salts for hardness (e.g. calcium phospahte and calcium hydroxide which together form hydroxyapetite, and collagen for strength)
What is Lacunae
means lake – small spaces between lamellae that contain mature bone cells (osteocytes)
What is Canaliculi
minute canals that radiate from lacunae and provide routes for oxygen, nutrients and waste
What is dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds anatomical muscles
Epimysium
What is dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds fascicles
Perimysium
What is Endomysium
AREOLAR connective tissue that surrounds each muscle fibre
Describe what cardiac muscle tissue looks like
striated
connected via intercalated discs which contain desmosomes and gap junctions
involuntary muscle tissue
one nuclei per cell
Describe what smooth muscle tissue looks like and works
spindle shaped
one nuclei per cell
non-striated
still made of actin and myosin, actin attaches to dense bodies and so do intermediate filaments (such as keratin) and the cell rotates and contracts
Explain the three activities of the nervous tissue
SIM card
Sensory (detection of internal and external stimuli and transfer to CNS)
Integrative (analyiss and storing of info)
Motor (stimulation of effectors through PNS)
Explain function of astrocytes
CNS neuroglia support and repair communciation maintanence e.g. regulating ions maintains blain blood barrier
Explain function of oligodendrocytes
forms myelin sheath around CNS axons
Explain function of Microglia
Phagocytotic
Explain function of Ependymal cells
Produce cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a mechanical buffer as it moves nutrients and wastes. Cerebrospinal fluid lines the central canal of the spinal cord. They are cuboidal cells with cilia and microvilli
Explain function of Shwaan cells
forms myelin sheath around axons in the PNS
Explain function of Satellite cells
surrounds cell bodies and supports fluid exchange
What are macrophages? And where are the fixed and wandering types found in connective tissue?
Phagocytic cells
Fixed:alveolar tissue; spleen
Wandering:sites of infections, inflammation, injury
What are plasma cells?
From b lymphocytes and they produce antibodies found in many connective tissues e.g. gut and lung, salivary glands, lymph nodes etc.
What are mast cells?
produce histamines that dilates vessels and is found alongside blood vessels
Where are examples where simple tubular, simple coiled tubular and simple branched tubular found?
simple tubular - intestinal glands
simple coiled tubular - sweat glands
simple branched tubular - mucous glands and gastric glands
Where are examples where simple branched alveolar are found?
sebeaceuous oil glands
Where are examples where compound tubular, compound alveolar and compound tubuloalveolar are found?
compound tubular - seminiferous tubules, mucous glands in mouth,
compound alveolar - mammary glands
compound tubuloalveolar - salivary glands, pancreas
list the order of bone cell tissue maturation and each of their functions
osteogenic cells - mesenchymal stem cells that develop into
osteoblasts- bone-forming cells
ostecytes - mature bone cells
osteoclasts - formed from monocytes and they break down bone
What are the roles of erythrocytes?
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Name four different types of leukocytes and their functions
Leukocytes combat disease:
i. Neutrophils and monocytes (macrophages) are
phagocytic, engulfing bacteria.
ii. Basophils release substances (e.g. histamine) that
intensify the inflammatory reaction.
iii. Eosinophils are effective against certain parasitic
worms and in acute allergic response .
iv. Lymphocytes are involved in the immune
response.
Name the components that make up the connective tissue blood
blood plasma, erthryocytes, leukocytes, platelets
What is EPO
Erythropoietin is a glycoprotein hormone produced by the interstitial fibroblasts in kidney
• It signals for erythropoiesis in bone marrow.
• The increased activity of a Hemocytoblasts (RBC stem cell) causes more RBC production which allows the blood to have a greater
carrying capacity for oxygen.
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the mesothelium?
simple squamous
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the interior of the heart?
simple squamous
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the anterior surface of the capsule of the lens of the eye
simple cuboidal
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the interior of the fallopian tubes
ciliated simple columnar
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the mouth and covers the tongue?
stratifies squamous
What is the classification and arrangement of:
epithelium that lines the ducts of adult sweat glands?
stratified cuboidal
What structure do motor and interneurons uptake?
mostly multipolar
What structure do sensory neurons uptake?
mostly unipolar
Where is loose reticular tissue found?
Spleen, kidney and lymph nodes
What is the red and white pulp of the spleen contain?
Red - stores platelets, removes defective RBCs
White - T cells and macrophages
What do fibroblasts secrete into the reticular lamina?
fibronectin
What glycoprotein coats elastin?
fibrillin
What junctions are found in osteocytes?
Gap junctions
What are the granular leukocytes found in blood connective tissue?
Basophil
Eosinophil
Neutrophil
BEN
Where are Tcells matured?
in the thymus
