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Tissues of the body (4) > Cells and their environment > Flashcards

Cells and their environment Flashcards

1
Q

What do cells maintain shape and maintain movement with?

A

Cytoskeleton

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2
Q

What do cels interact with eachother with

A

Cell junctions

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3
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made of

A

Microtubules
Intermediate filaments
Actin microfilaments

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4
Q

Where are microtubules found

A

Cilia and flagellae

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5
Q

Where are intermediate filaments found

A

Interact with other elements of cytoskeleton and support desmosomes

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6
Q

What do actin microfilaments

A

Form skeleton of microvilli and stereocilia

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7
Q

What are microtubules made of

A

Dimers of alpha and beta tubulin

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8
Q

How are microtubules arranged and how big are they

A

Arranged as hollow cylinders 25nm

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9
Q

What do microtubules require for assembly

A

MTOC

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10
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of and how big are they

A

Rope like twisted fires of various proteins 10nm

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11
Q

What are actin microfilaments made of

A

G actin

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12
Q

What are actin microfilaments arranged like and how big are they

A

Polar double stranded helical array of G actin

7nm diameter

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13
Q

What are centrioles

A

Cylindrical structures- groupings of microtubules arranged in a 9 (triplets) +0 pattern.
-help to organize the assembly of microtubules during cell division

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14
Q

Where are centrioles found

A

In animal cells

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15
Q

What do occluding junctions do

A

prevent passage of molecules between cells

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16
Q

What do adherent junctions do

A

Anchoring-cell to cell

focal contacts- cell to matrix

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17
Q

What o desmosomes do

A

anchoring-cell to cell

hemidesmosomes-cell to matrix

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18
Q

What are gap junctions

A

Communicating junction

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19
Q

How do cilia move

A

Dynein arms grab onto eachother and move in waves

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20
Q

What are tight junctions

A

zonula occludens

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21
Q

How many layers does a tight junction have

A

5 (pentalaminar)

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22
Q

What are zonula occludens made of

A

Occludins
Claudins
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)

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23
Q

What do tight junctions do

A
  • prevent movement of membrane from apical surface to the lateral surface of the cell
  • Limit the movement of water and other molecules through intercellular space
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24
Q

What are adherent junctions

A

zonula adherent (intermediate)

25
Q

What’s the role of adherent junctions

A

-provide mechanical stability by linking cytoskeleton of adjacent cells

26
Q

What are adherent junctions made of

A
  • cell adhesion molecules (CAM’s)
  • selectins
  • integrins
27
Q

Examples of CAM’s

A
  • cadherins

- immunoglobin superfamilies

28
Q

What do zonula adherent bind to

A

Intracellular molecules

29
Q

What does E cadherin bind to

A
  • catenin
  • vinculin
  • alpha actinin
30
Q

What does alpha actinic bind to

A

Tonofilaments of actin in cytoskeleton

31
Q

What does E cadherin link to? What does this require?

A

e cadherin

-reuire Ca2+

32
Q

What are desmosomes

A

macula adherens

33
Q

what do desmosomes link to

A

Intermediate filaments in cytoplasm

34
Q

How are desmosomes arranged

A

perpendicular to basement membrane

35
Q

What do hemidesmosomes face

A

Basement membrane

36
Q

What do hemidesmosomes link to

A
  • integrins
  • laminin
  • collagen
37
Q

What do gap junctions do

A

Allow direct communication between adjacent cells and allow passage of ions, amino acids, sugars, second messengers and metabolites

38
Q

What are gap junctions made of? and what do these assemble into?

A

Connexins which assemble into connexons

39
Q

What does the extracellular matrix do?

A
  • Allows cell to interact with its surroundings

- mechanical an structural support

40
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of

A
  • Ground substance

- Fibres

41
Q

What is in the ground substance

A
  • Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s)
  • Proteoglycans
  • Multiadhesive glycoproteins
42
Q

What types of fibers are there

A

Collagen

Elastin

43
Q

What is the ground substance like?

A

Hydrophilic and so attracts water and Na+ (extracellular fluid)

44
Q

What are the Glycosaminoglycans (GAG’s) like?

A

Acidic

Has negatively charged hydroxyl, carboxyl, and sulphydryl groups

45
Q

What does collagen do

A

provides tensile strength

46
Q

What is collaged secreted as

A

secreted as tropocollagen and polymerized extracellularly to form collagen

47
Q

What is reticulin

A

Branched type 3 collagen

48
Q

What does elastin do

A

Stretching and elastic recoil

49
Q

What polymerizes to form elastin

A

tropoelastin

50
Q

What does elastin require for assembly

A

Fibrillin

51
Q

What are the fibrous molecules

A

Collagen
(e.g. reticulin)
Elastin

52
Q

What are the two types of structural glycoproteins

A

Filamentous

Non-filamentous

53
Q

What do non-filamentous glycoproteins link to

A

Links cells to ECM

54
Q

What are the types of filamentous glycoprotein and what do they link to/what do they do?

A

Fibrillin- microfibris ; link to elastin

fibronectin- deposition and orientation of collagen and its links to cells via integrin

55
Q

Types of non-filamentous glycoproteins

A

Laminin
Entactin
Tenascin

56
Q

What is laminin

A

major component of basement membrane

57
Q

What does entactin bind to

A

Binds laminin to type 5 collagen

58
Q

What does tenascin bind to

A

Binds to integrin

59
Q

What is mucopolysaccharidoses

A

Lysosomal storage disease

Tissues of the body (4) (5 decks)

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