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Mish- Scientific Foundations > Cells and Structures of the CNS > Flashcards

Cells and Structures of the CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Nervous System divided into?

A

Central and peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

What are the components of the CNS and its function?

A

CNS= main centers for correlation and integration of information
- brain
- spinal cord

  • meninges and cerebrospinal fluid
  • protected by skull and vertebral column bones
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3
Q

What is the PNS and function?

A

peripheral nervous system - conduct information
to and from the central nervous system

  • cranial
  • spinal nerves and their associated ganglia.
  • bundles of nerve fibers surrounde
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4
Q

What is Autonomic Nervous system?

A
  • distributed throughout the central and
    peripheral nervous systems
  • innervation of involuntary structures, such as
    the heart, smooth muscle, and glands
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5
Q

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (prepare emergency) and parasympathetic (conserve and restore energy)

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6
Q

What are gray and white matter?

A

The brain has an inner core of white matter, which is surrounded by an outer covering of gray
matter - the reverse is true in the spinal cored (white matter surrounds a core of grey matter)

  • Some important masses of gray matter are however situated deeply within the white matter (ex.:
    cerebellar nuclei, thalamic, caudate, and lentiform nuclei).
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7
Q

What does the grey matter consist of?

A

neuronal
cell bodies and supporting cells (glia,
vasculature)

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8
Q

What is white matter consisting of?

A

myelinated axons and supporting cells (glia)

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9
Q

Major divisions of the CNS include

A
  • Hindbrain
    –Medulla oblongata
    –Pons
    –Cerebellum
  • Midbrain
  • Forebrain
    –Diencephalon
    –Cerebrum
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10
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

covers entire surface of the brain overlying the deep nuclei.

The cortex with deep gray matter comprise the forebrain

cortex is highly folded- this produces gyri (ridges) and sulci (furrows)

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11
Q

major sulci, large sulci, gyri named

A

major sulci- central sulcus

large sulci- fissures

gyri- named based on their function and/or location

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12
Q

how is the cerebral cortex classified?

A

divided into major lobes with important sulci delineating the boundaries between lobes

  • frontal lobe
  • occipital lobe
  • parietal lobe
  • temporal lobe
  • limbic lobe (additional)- consists of cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus
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13
Q

What is the ventricular system

A

consists of spaces within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid CSF

ventricles act as important landmarks, help to grasp spatial relationships within the brain

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14
Q

what produces CSF

A

ependymal cells of choroid plexus, which lines the ventricles

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15
Q

What are the principle cell types of the CNS?

A

Nerve cells or neurons (85 billion)
* highly specialized to transmit and integrate electrical impulses
* receive and process information from the external and internal
environment
* may have specific sensory receptors and sensory organs to this function

one nucleus and two
different types of processes:
* axon
* dendrites

Supporting cells

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16
Q

What is an axon?

A

terminates at a neuronal junction called a synapse at
which electrical impulses are transferred from one cell to the next by
secretion of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters

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17
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

dendrites receive impulses and carry them toward the cell body

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18
Q

What are the types of neurons/classification

A

Unipolar, Bipolar, Multipolar, Golgi type 1 axon, Golgi Type 2

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19
Q

Unipolar is a

A

single neurite divides a short distance from cell body in posterior root ganglia

20
Q

Bipolar is a

A

single neurite emerges from either end of cell body in retina, sensory cochlea, vestibular ganglia

21
Q

Multipolar is a

A

many dendrites and one long axon, In fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves, motor cells of spinal cord

22
Q

What is golgi type 1?

A

single long axon
in fiber tracts of brain and spinal cord, peripheral nerves and motor cells of spinal cord

23
Q

What is golgi type 2?

A

short axon that with dendrites resembles a star; in cerebral and cerebellar cortex

24
Q

What are the Cortical and sub-cortical neuronal types?

A

Spiny neurons, medium spiny neurons, aspiny neurons

25
Q

What are spiny neurons?

A

pyramidal, stellate

  • principal neuronal types in cortex
  • Excitatory neurons - glutamate is the
    principle neurotransmitter
  • Pass information forward to enable actions / physiological function
26
Q

What are medium spiny neurons?

A
  • Principle neuronal type
    in striatum
  • Inhibitory (GABA)
  • Neuropeptides
27
Q

What are aspiny neurons?

A
  • Few / non dendritic
    spines
  • Inhibitory (GABA)
  • Neuropeptides
28
Q

The synapse is

A

the site where a neuron communicates with

  • another neuron
  • a muscle cell (NMJ- motor neuron and muscle fiber)
  • an endocrine cell
29
Q

Fundamentals of neurotransmission

A

Action potential
presynaptic terminal
influx Ca
neurotransmitter released at synaptic cleft
dendrite has clusters of receptors
second messenger pathways
post synaptic terminal
action potential

voltage gated ion channels open
signal propagated

30
Q

Neurotransmitters essential for

A

for the transfer of electrical information between neurons, and modulate the flow and rate of information transfer within a network.

31
Q

What are the regulated processes of neurotransmission?

A

Neurotransmitter release
Neurotransmitter sites of
action
Neurotransmitter degradation
Neurotransmitter synthesis and storage

This regulation ensures correct fidelity of synaptic signalling.

32
Q

Neurotransmitter dysregulation is when

A

equilibrium altered- disruption of normal patterns of synaptic signalling- ultimately manifests as behavioral consequence

33
Q

Excitation V inhibition

A

Excitation
- principal cells
- glutamate synapse
- depolarizing
- promote firing

Inhibition
- interneurons
- GABA synapse
- hyperpolarizing
- suppress firing

34
Q

Supporting cells of CNS work to

A
  • separate neurons from one another
  • produce the myelin sheath
  • provide active phagocytosis to remove cellular de
    debris
  • contribute to the blood-brain barrier in the CNS
  • neuroglial cells (CNS)
  • Schwann (neurilemmal) cells and satellite cells (PNS)

Principle cell types of the CNS

35
Q

What are the types of glia?

A

*Glia-

  • Astrocytes -
  • Oligodendrocytes -
  • Microglia -
36
Q

What are glia?

A

Cells supporting neuronal function

37
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

form myelin sheath

38
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

radiating processes which interweave between
neuronal cell bodies and fibres - may contact blood vessels;
control BBB; modify synapses; remove neurotransmitter;
control K+; role in development

39
Q

What are microglia?

A

resident immune cells of the CNS - phagocytosis ; role in
development

40
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles- produce, monitor, circulate CSF

41
Q

vascular epithelial cells

A

line blood vessels- form part of BBB

42
Q

Astrocytes are

A
  • Most numerous type of glial cell
  • Regulate chemical content of extracellular space
  • Envelope synaptic junctions to restrict neurotransmitter spread
  • Remove neurotransmitter from the synaptic
    cleft
  • Metabolism and recycling of glutamate
  • Control the extracellular content of potassium
    and other substances to enable neurons to
    function
  • Metabolic support for neurons

Highly heterogeneous cells - adopt different functional states and morphologies in a region-dependent
manner

43
Q

protoplasmic astrocyte more commonly found in

A

grey matter

44
Q

fibrous astrocyte more commonly found in

A

white matter

45
Q

Myelinating glia

A
  • Provide layers of membrane to insulate
    axons - MYELIN
  • Serves to speed the conduction of nerve
    impulses (saltatory conduction) by
    “jumping” between nodes
  • In CNS - oligodendrocytes, which arise
    from oligodendrocyte progenitors (OPC)
  • Oligos can myelinate many axons
  • In PND - Schwann cells - can only
    myelinate one axon
  • Demyelinating disorders - MS
46
Q

Functions of microglia

A

myelination- e.g. MS

Immune function-surveillance and pathogen response
e.g. viral infections/encephalitis

synaptogenesis

synaptic elimination

e.g. neurodevelopmental psychiatric and age-related neurological disorders

neurogenesis e.g. neurodevelopmental disorders

47
Q

brain’s resident immune cells of microglia can adopt

A

a diverse array of functional states important in both health and disease

Mish- Scientific Foundations (6 decks)

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