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Biology > Cells and Organisation Year 9 > Flashcards

Cells and Organisation Year 9 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an eukaryotic cell?

A

Cell that contains a nucleus e.g. animal cell, plant cell

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2
Q

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A

Cell with no nucleus or membrane-bound organelles and has circular DNA

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3
Q

Name all the parts of an animal cell

A

Nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, ribosome, cell membrane

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4
Q

Name all the parts of a plant cell

A

Nucleus, ribosome, chloroplast, permanent vacuole, cell wall, cell membrane

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5
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains genetic material of cell and controls its activities

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria?

A

Site of aerobic respiration that releases energy for the cell

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7
Q

What is the function of the ribosome?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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8
Q

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

A

Site of most chemical reactions

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9
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

Controls what enters and exits the cell

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10
Q

What is the function of the cell wall?

A

Structures and supports cell

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11
Q

What is the function of the permanent vacuole?

A

Stores sap, provides support to cell structure to keep it rigid

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12
Q

What is the function of the chloroplast?

A

Absorbs light for photosynthesis

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13
Q

What are the cell walls made up of?

A

Cellulose

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14
Q

What is a cell?

A

Smallest structure of the body, building block of life

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15
Q

What is a tissue?

A

Group of cells working together to perform a specific function

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16
Q

What is an organ?

A

Group of tissues working together to perform a specific function

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17
Q

What is an organ system?

A

Group of organs working together to perform a specific function

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18
Q

What are specialized cells?

A

Cells with structures and features designed to allow them to perform a specific function

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19
Q

What is the function of a red blood cell and how is it specialized?

A

To carry oxygen around the body; specialized by having no nucleus and a bi-concave shape that lets cell carry more oxygen

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20
Q

What is the function of a egg cell and how is it specialized?

A

Contains half of DNA; specialized by large size to act as source of food and energy for embryo, also has outer shell

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21
Q

What is the function of a sperm cell and how is it specialized?

A

Contains half of DNA; specialized by using flagellum to swim, has a streamlined body to swim, has enzyme called acrosome to soften egg and contains lots of mitochondria in neck to provide energy

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22
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell and how is it specialized?

A

Carries electronic impulses; has much insulin to insulate impulses, uses projections to connect nerves

23
Q

What is the function of a palisade cell and how is it specialized?

A

Traps light for photosynthesis; specialized with lots of chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll to absorb light

24
Q

What is the function of a xylem cell and how is it specialized?

A

Transports water up the plant; specialized by containing dead cells that don’t need water, no ends to allow constant water flow

25
What is the function of a phloem cell and how is it specialized?
Transports glucose around plant; specialized by containing swive plates that control what flows through
26
What is the function of a root hair cell and how is it specialized?
Absorbs water and minerals from soil; specialized with large surface area, lots of mitochondria for energy for active transport
27
What is the function of a muscle cell and how is it specialized?
Contracts for movement; specialized with much mitochondria to provide energy
28
What is the function of a guard cell and how is it specialized?
Controls opening and closing of stomata; specialized as they can change shape and one side is thicker
29
How does yeast divide?
Budding
30
What is magnification?
Magnifying power of an instrument
31
What is resolution?
Microscope's ability to distinguish between 2 objects
32
Compare the magnification and resolving power of electron and light microscopes
Electron microscopes have much higher magnification and resolving power
33
Name the steps of using a microscope
Place slide on stage, use clips to hold slide in place, use lowest objective lens, slowly turn coarse focus, stop turning when objective lens is almost touching the slide, look through eyepiece, turn coarse dial slowly until cells come into focus, turn fine focus to get clearer image, repeat steps 3-8 with higher objective magnification if needed, calculate total magnification
34
What is the formula for total magnification?
Eyepiece lens x objective lens
35
What is binary fission?
Process that multiplies bacteria
36
What does bacteria cell break into?
2 daughter cells
37
How often does binary fission happen?
Every 20 minutes
38
Name the steps in culturing bacteria
Sterilise inoculating loops, which are then used to transfer microorganisms to the agar by heating it to red hot with bunsen burner's flame, pip loop in suspension of bacteria you want to grow, make zig-zag streaks across agar's surface with loop, replace petri dish's lid as quickly as possible to avoid contamination, secure lid with 2 small tape pieces to prevent contamination from air but don't seal all the way around edge, once plates are close, incubate culture at no more than 25 degrees for several days, observe number and type of colonies that appear
39
What is diffusion?
Movement of molecules from area of higher to lower concentration
40
Where does diffusion usually take place and why?
Over a partially or semi-permeable membrane, which only lets in smaller molecules (like gases, urea and glucose), not bigger ones (like proteins and starch)
41
What factors affect diffusion and how?
Temperature - Particles gain more kinetic energy at higher temperatures, meaning they can move around faster Concentration-Particle diffuse down a concentration gradient so useful substances that are being used up are replaced and waste products don't build up Surface Area-Increasing the surface area of a membrane increases the amount of diffusion that can happen because more space is created for the particles to move through Thickness-Thin membrane reduce diffusion distance, speeding it up Blood/air supply-Having a good supply of blood or air maintains steep concentration gradients by transporting substances to and from surface
42
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of water; net movement of water molecules from area of low to high concentration
43
What does dilute mean?
Solution with low concentration
44
What is active transport?
Movement of substance from area of low to high concentration against concentration gradient
45
What does active transport require?
Energy from respiration
46
What does active transport rely on and therefore require?
Rate of respiration and therefore also requires oxygen
47
Why do epithelial cells transport glucose into the blood?
To use it for cell respiration
48
What is the formula for magnification?
Image size/Actual Size
49
Name something useful that isotonic drinks contain?
Electrolytes that help replenish all that is lost when we sweat during exercise
50
Name 2 electrolytes isotonic drinks might contain
Sodium and potassium
51
What is centi in indices?
x10 to the -2
52
What is milli in indices?
x10 to the -3
53
What is micro in indices?
x10 to the -6
54
What is nano in indices?
x10 to the -9

Biology (4 decks)

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