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Cell Biology And Signaling > Cells and organelles > Flashcards

Cells and organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Definition of a cell

A

Semi independent, living unit within body (completely independent in unicellular)
Site of metabolism mechanisms, growth, replication
Made up of aqueous solution of organism molecules, membrane bound

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2
Q

Definition of an organelle

A

Subunit within cell
Defined structure w specific integrated activities
Not all are membrane bound

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3
Q

Definition of a tissue

A

Organized assembly of cells and extracellular products

Carry out similar, coordinated activities in body

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4
Q

Definition of an organ

A

Assembly of tissues, coordinated to perform specific body functions

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5
Q

Definition of a system

A

Assembly of organs w specific, related activities, sharing regulatory influences
Can be a diffuse functional network of cells situated in many body parts, sharing specific activities

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6
Q

Definition of a prokaryote

A

Unicellular organism, circular strand of free chromosomes

No membrane bound organelles

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7
Q

Definition of a eukaryote

A

Uni/multicellular, chromosomes in nucleus, normally have cytoplasmic, membranous organelles, DNA divided into many linear chromosomes, vary from cel to cell within organism
Includes complex organisms

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8
Q

Definition of a virus

A

Assemblage of DNA/RNA and proteins, parasitic of prokaryotes/eukaryotes
Invade cell, hijack protein synthesis to make more viruses
Only operate in host cells, no plasma membrane

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9
Q

What are living organisms made up of

A

Cells

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10
Q

What are higher organisms considered

A

Communities of vells

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11
Q

What can individual cells within communities do

A

Peform specialized functions

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12
Q

What is not considered a cell

A

Virus

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13
Q

Genetic structure of prokaryotes

A 
Single, circular chromosome
In nuclei
No nucleus
No histones
Has plasmids
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14
Q

Genetic structure of eukaryotes

A 
Paired chromosomes
Membrane bound nucleus
Has nucleolus
Has histones
Has extrachromosomal DNA in mitochondria and plasmids
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15
Q

Intracellular structures of prokaryotes

A 
No mitotic spindle
No sterols
Internal membrane only in photosynthetic organisms
No ER
Respiration at cell membrane
No golgi
No lysososomes
No peroxisomes
70S ribosomes
No cytoskeleton
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16
Q

Intracellular structures of eukaryotes

A 
Has mitotic spindle
Has sterols
Has membrane bound organelles
Has ER
Respiration at mitochondria
Has golgi
Has lysosomes
Has peroxisomes
80S ribosomes in cytoplasm, 70S in mitochondria
Has cytoskeleton
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17
Q

Extracellular structures of prokaryotes

A

Peptodoglycan, LPS, teichoic acid cell wall
Has capsule/slime layer
No cilia
Has pili and flagella

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18
Q

Extracellular structures of eukaryotes

A

Most don’t have cell walls, chitin in fungi
Most don’t have capsules or slime layers, pellicle/shell in some parasites
Cilia in some cell types
No pilli
Flagella in some cell types

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19
Q

Reproduction of prokaryotes

A

Binary fission

Asexual

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20
Q

Reproduction of eukaryotes

A

Mitosis/meiosis

Asexual/sexual

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21
Q

What is cell theory

A

All living things are made from cells

Arise through division of preexisting cells

22
Q

Subcellular resolution and microscopes

A

Only EM can reveal subcellular details
TEM, see ultrastructure, electrons go through specimen
SEM, see cell surface, electrons scattered off cell surg=face by heavy metal coating of Au

23
Q

Downfalls of EM

A

Elaborate prep needed

Only dead cells can be viewed

24
Q

What limits the max size of a cell

A

Diffusion<50um = efficient

As cell size increases, V:SA decreases

25
Q

How do specialized cells overcome the limitations of diffusion

A

Thin processes
Giant multinucleate cells
Gap junctions

26
Q

Whats a thin process

A

Directed transport of substances around cell via, cytoskeleton (neurons, oligodendrocytes)

27
Q

Giant multinucleate celles

A

Gene expression occurs in more than 1 place (skeletal muscle cells)

28
Q

Gap juctions

A

Channels between cells, allow movement of substances between cells

29
Q

Purpose of membrane bound cellular organelles

A

Allows specialized environments within
Different functions operate under different conditions (pH)
Single cell can have many functional compartments

30
Q

Protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton

A 
Actin
-thinnest muscle fibres
Microtubules
-thickest, pull daughter cells apart
Intermediate filaments
-mechanical strength of cell
31
Q

Function of cytoskeleton

A

Contribute to mechanical strength, control shape, drive, guide material movement

32
Q

What is the cytosol

A

Aqueous environment in plasma membrane

33
Q

What is the cytoplasm

A

Cytosol + organelles

34
Q

Size of nucleus

A

Largest organelle

3-10um

35
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Contains packaged genetic material
DNA organized as chromosomes
Chromatin= complex of DNA/histone and non histone proteins which form nucleosome
When cell not dividing, uncondensed chromatin

36
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Site of rDNA transcription, assembly site of ribosomes

37
Q

How many membranes does the nuclear envelope have

A

Double membrane

38
Q

Function of nuclear pores

A

Allows transport in and out of nucleus

39
Q

Function of SER

A

Biosynthesis of membrane lipids, steroids

Start of N linked glycosylation, detoxification of xenobiotics

40
Q

Function of RER

A

Covered in ribosomes, translation, proteins for secretion/insertion into cell membrane
Proteins folded, disulphide bridges
Vesicles bud from RER, sent to golgi

41
Q

Structure of golgi body

A

4-8 stacks of cisterna, membrane bound channels
Modifies proteins from RER via vesicles
Modifies N linked carbohydrates
Glycosylation of O linked carbohydrates and lipids
Synthesis and package secretory materials
Direct new proteins in vesicles to compartments
Transport membrane lipids around cell
Create lysosomes

42
Q

Structure of secretory vesicles

A

Bud off form golgi

43
Q

Function of secretory vesicles

A

Fuse with inner surface of plasma membrane, exocytosis of hormone, neurotransmitters

44
Q

Function of peroxisomes

A 
Detoxification
Oxidation of VLCFA
Contains oxidative enzymes, form H2O2
Contains enzymes that neutralize H2O2, form H2O and O2
Site of phospholipid synthesis
45
Q

Structure of lysosomes

A

> 50 types of hydrolytic enzymes for all major macromolecules, low pH needed for acid hydrolysis
Involved in organelle turnover/autophagy
Uses ATP to pump H+ into lysosome

46
Q

Size of mitochondrion

A

0.5-2um

47
Q

How to synthesis mitochondrial proteins

A

Have mitochondrial DNA

48
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Oxides sugars and generate ATP in Krebs

49
Q

Structure of mitochondrion

A

Have double membrane
Cristae increase SA:V
Krebs cycle enzymes/ETC in different parts of the membrane structure

50
Q

Size of a lysosome

A

0.2-0.5um

51
Q

Size of peroxisome

A

0.2-0.5um

Cell Biology And Signaling (11 decks)

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