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cells and organelles Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what organelles are in an animal cell? (15)

A

cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, mitochondria, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin, centrioles, lysosomes, ventricles, golgi apparatus, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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2
Q

what organelles are in a plant cell?

A

chloroplasts, amyloplasts, mitochondria, cell membrane, cell wall, ribosomes, tonoplast, vacuole, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, nuclear envelope, nuclear pores, nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromatin

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3
Q

what is the structure of a mitochondria?

A

-cristae= extensions of the inner membrane, that help attachment of enzymes. Increases SA
-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-matrix=contains proteins, lipids, ribosomes and DNA
-contains DNA + ribosomes= proteins needed for respiration

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4
Q

what is the structure of a chloroplast?

A

-thylakoid= coin/disc stacked up to make grana or granum
-grana/granum= stack(s) of thylakoids, stacks increase SA
-intergranal lamella= connects each grana to each other
-outer membrane
-inner membrane
-stroma= fluid filled matrix

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5
Q

what is the structure of the nucleus?

A

-nuclear envelope= controls entry and exit of materials
-nuclear pores= allows passage of large molecules
-nucleoplasm= gel like material that makes up the bulk of the nucleus
-nucleolus= site of ribosomal RNA where ribosomes are assembled (RNA + protein)
-chromatin= contains DNA + protein

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6
Q

what is the structure of the smooth/rough endoplasmic recticulum?

A

smooth:
-lacks ribosomes
-functions are to synthesise, store and transport lipids and carbs
-double membrane
rough:
-ribosomes= provide a large SA for the protein synthesis, provide a pathway for the transport of materials
-cisterna
-double membrane

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7
Q

what are the steps of differentiation?

A

-egg + sperm= zygote
-zygote goes through mitosis and becomes an embryo
-embryo differentiates/specialises into a type of cell (sperm, nerve etc)
-over 200 cell types

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8
Q

what organelles are in a prokaryotic cell?

A

ribosomes, plasmids, circular DNA, cytoplasm, cell membrane, cell wall (murein), mucilaginous capsule, flagella

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9
Q

what are the organelles that are not always found in prokaryotes?

A

plasmids, flagella, mucilaginous capsule

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10
Q

what is the prokaryotic cell division?

A

binary fission

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11
Q

what organelles are in a virus cell?

A

genetic material, protein capsid, attachment proteins

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12
Q

how do you prepare for cell fractionation?

A

-the solution needs to be placed in a solution that is:
1. cold= reduces enzyme activity as enzymes could break down organelles
2. isotonic= prevents osmosis which could lead to organelles bursting/shrivelling
2. buffered= maintains pH as could affect organelle structure or enzyme activity

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13
Q

what are the steps of cell fractionation?

A

-cut up tissue and keep it in a cold, isotonic, buffered solution
-further cut up tissue in a homogeniser (cells broken and organelles are released)
-homogenate (fluid) is filtered to remove any remaining whole cells or tissue debris
-place filtered homogenate into a centrifuge tube
-homogenised tissue is spun in a centrifuge tube at a low speed for 10 minutes
-result of being spun at low speed (1000x gravity)= sediment 1 (nuclei) and supernatant 1
-result of being spun at medium speed (3500x gravity)= sediment 2 (mitochondria) and supernatant 2
-result of being spun at high speed (16500x gravity)= sediment 3 (lysosomes) and supernatant 3

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14
Q

what are the features of an electron microscope?

A

-high magnification (ability to enlarge an image of an object through lenses multiple times larger than the actual object)
-high resolution (ability to distinguish between two separate points)
-small wavelength
-can see sub-cellular structures

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15
Q

what are the limitations of the electron microscope?

A

-whole system in a vacuum
-high cost
-inability to observe live specimens
-bulky type of equipment

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16
Q

what are the stages of cell division?

A
  1. interphase
    -DNA replication
    -synthesis of organelles
  2. nuclear division (mitosis/meiosis)
    -chromosomes divided
  3. cytokinesis
    -division of cell membrane to produce 2 or 4 cells
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17
Q

what are the stages of mitosis? (6)

A

interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis

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18
Q

what happens in the interphase stage?

A

-new cell organelles are synthesised and DNA replication occurs
-the chromosomes are unravelled to allow access to the genetic material for replication and protein synthesis

19
Q

what happens in the prophase stage?

A

-chromosomes condense becoming shorter and thicker
-nucleolus and nuclear envelope break down, signalling the end of this stage
-the centrioles move to opposite poles of the cell and the spindle fibres start to develop

20
Q

what happens in the metaphase stage?

A

-the chromosomes’ centromeres attach to the microtubules
-the chromosomes are pulled along the spindle apparatus and line up at the middle of the cell

21
Q

what happens in the anaphase stage?

A

-the centromeres split and the spindle fibres shorten
-one chromatid from each chromosome is pulled to opposite poles of the cell
-mitochondria gather around the spindle fibres and provide energy for the process

22
Q

what happens in the telophase stage?

A

-the chromosomes reach their respective poles and unravel to form chromatin and the nuclear envelope reforms
-two sets of genetic information become enclosed in separate nuclei
the spindle fibres disintegrate and the nuclear envelope and nucleolus reform

23
Q

what happens in the cytokinesis stage?

A

-the cell surface membrane constricts around the middle of the cell until it meets the middle and creates two new cells

24
Q

what is the rate of mitosis controlled by?

A

-environment
-growth factors
-genes

25
Q

what are the functions of the cell membrane?

A

-forms a boundary between the cytoplasm and the external environment
-allows different conditions to be established inside and outside the cell
-controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell

26
Q

what are the features of the cell membrane? (10)

A

-cytoplasm
-phospholipid
-carbohydrate
-extracellular fluid
-glycolipid
-glycoprotein
-transmembrane protein (channel, carrier)
-peripheral protein
-cholesterol
-filaments of cytoskeleton

27
Q

what does a phospholipid consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-phosphate head which is hydrophilic (attracting water), facing outwards
-fatty acid tails which are hydrophobic (hating water), facing inwards
-forms a bilayer that allows lipid soluble molecules to enter/exit
-prevents water soluble substances entering/leaving
-membrane is flexible and self sealing

28
Q

what does a transmembrane protein consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-span the membrane
channel=
-water filled pore allowing diffusion of water soluble ions
-facilitated diffusion
carrier=
-bind ions or other molecules causing a conformational change so that the molecule can move across the membrane
-facilitated diffusion and active transport

29
Q

what does a peripheral protein consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-does not span the entire membrane

30
Q

what does cholesterol consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-adds strength to the membrane
-hydrophobic, helps to prevent loss of water and dissolved ions
-pulls fatty acid tails together, limits movement but still fluidity

31
Q

what do glycolipids consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-carbohydrate covalently bonded to a lipid
-cell to cell adhesion
-cell recognition
-blood types

32
Q

what do glycoproteins consist of in a cell membrane?

A

-cell to cell adhesion
-cell recognition
-cell surface receptors for hormones and neurotransmitters

33
Q

why is a cell membrane known as a fluid mosaic model?

A

fluid=
-phospholipid molecules can move
-allows flexibility, ability to change shape and gain/lose molecules
mosaic=
-proteins vary in size, shape and pattern

34
Q

what is the permeability of the cell membrane?

A

most molecules do not freely diffuse across the membrane because:
-they are too large to pass through channels
-not lipid soluble
-charged (polar)
-repelled by protein channels due to the charge on them

35
Q

what is passive transport?

A

-doesn’t require energy from an external source
-the kinetic energy that the particles possess means that they are constantly in motion
-motion is random
-diffusion, facilitated diffusion and osmosis are passive

36
Q

what is diffusion?

A

-net movement of molecules or ions from a region of where they are more highly concentrated to one where their concentration is lower until evenly distributed

37
Q

what is facilitated diffusion?

A

-charged ions and polar molecules would enter the cell in this way
-uses transmembrane proteins such as channel or carrier proteins

38
Q

what is osmosis?

A

-passage of water from a region where it has a higher water potential to a region where it has a lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane

39
Q

what is water potential?

A

-pressure created by water molecules
-measured in kilopascals (kPa)

40
Q

what is active transport?

A

-movement of molecules or ions into or out of a cell from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using ATP and carrier proteins

41
Q

what are the steps of co transport?

A
  1. sodium ions actively transported out of cells by the sodium potassium pump into the blood, taking place in a carrier protein
  2. maintains a much higher concentration of sodium ions in the lumen of the intestine than inside the cell
  3. sodium ions diffuse into the cells down the concentration gradient through a different type of protein carrier in the cell surface membrane
  4. as the sodium ions diffuse in through the second carrier protein, they carry either amino acid molecules or glucose molecules into the cell with them
    5.the glucose/amino acids pass into the blood plasma by facilitated diffusion using another type of carrier
42
Q

what is the structure and function of the small intestine?

A

-microvilli= increases surface area of the wall to maximise the rate of absorption of digested food
-increased number of channel/carrier proteins= maximise the rate of absorption of nutrients

43
Q
A

biology (3 decks)

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