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biological molecules Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the biological molecules?

A

disaccharides, polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen, lipids, ATP, nucleotides, DNA, RNA, proteins

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2
Q

what are disaccharides and polysaccharides made from?

A

monosaccharides

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3
Q

what are starch and glycogen made from?

A

a- glucose molecules

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4
Q

what is cellulose made from?

A

B- glucose molecules

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5
Q

what are lipids made from?

A

triglycerides: 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

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6
Q

what is ATP made from?

A

adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups

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7
Q

what are nucleotides made from?

A

a pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing organic base

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8
Q

what is DNA made from?

A

mononucleotides made of a phosphate group, deoxyribose and an organic base

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9
Q

what is RNA made from?

A

mononucleotides made of a phosphate group, ribose and an organic base

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10
Q

what are proteins made from?

A

amino acids

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11
Q

what type of bonds are formed for disaccharides, polysaccharides, starch, cellulose and glycogen?

A

glycosidic bonds

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12
Q

what type of bonds are formed for lipids?

A

ester bonds

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13
Q

what type of bonds are formed for DNA and RNA?

A

between 2 nucleotides= phosphodiester bond
between base pairs= hydrogen bonds

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14
Q

what type of bonds are formed for proteins?

A

primary structure= peptide bonds between amino acids
secondary structure= hydrogen bonds
tertiary structure= hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bonds

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15
Q

what’s the reaction to form the molecules disaccharides, polysaccharides, starch, cellulose, glycogen, lipids, ATP, nucleotides and proteins?

A

condensation

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16
Q

what’s the reaction to form the molecule DNA?

A

condensation between the deoxyribose and the phosphate

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17
Q

what’s the reaction to form the molecule RNA?

A

condensation between the ribose, phosphate group and organic base to make the RNA nucleotide

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18
Q

what’s the reaction to break down all the biological molecules?

A

hydrolysis

19
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to form the molecule ATP?

A

ATP synthase

20
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to form the molecule DNA?

A

DNA polymerase which joins nucleotides together

21
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to form the molecule RNA?

A

RNA polymerase

22
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to break down the molecule ATP?

A

ATP hydrolase

23
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to break the molecule DNA?

A

DNA helicase which breaks down hydrogen bonds linking base pairs

24
Q

what’s the enzyme needed to break down the molecule RNA?

A

RNA helicase

25
Q

how do you make a protein? (detailed)

A

primary=sequence of amino acids determined by DNA
secondary= the folding of the protein into alpha glucose helixes and beta pleated sheets using hydrogen bonds
tertiary= further folding of the secondary structure, bonds formed may include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and disulphide bonds
quaternary= multiple polypeptides joined together to form the final position of protein

26
Q

how many amino acids make up a protein?

A

20

27
Q

what happens to the R group when the amino acid changes?

A

-the residual changes dependant on what type of amino acid
-glycine= H
-alanine= CH2

28
Q

what is formed when two amino acids join?

A

-dipeptide

29
Q

what are the structures of triglycerides that are related to their properties?

A

-insoluble in water so doesn’t affect osmosis in cells
-high ratio of energy storing carbon: hydrogen bonds: carbon atoms, so good source of energy
-low mass: energy ratio, making them good storage molecules

30
Q

how do you form triglycerides/lipids?

A

-glycerol joins a fatty acid through condensation reactions, forming water
-the bond between glycerol and fatty acid is called an ester bond

31
Q

what are the roles of lipids?

A

-source of energy
-water proofing
-insulation
-protection of internal organs

32
Q

what are saturated fatty acids?

A

-single bonds
-solid at room temperature

33
Q

what are unsaturated fatty acids?

A

-double bonds
-liquid at room temperature

34
Q

what is a phospholipid and what is it made up of?

A

-type of lipid molecule that is the main component of the cell membrane
-each phospholipid is made up of two fatty acids, a phosphate group, and a glycerol molecule.

35
Q

how are phospholipids able to form cell membranes?

A

-the phosphate group head is hydrophilic (water-loving)
-the fatty acid tails are hydrophobic (water-hating)
-has a lipid bilayer that forms the main part of the cell membrane

36
Q

what is the food test for starch?

A

-iodine solution
positive result= blue/black
negative result= orange (no colour change)

37
Q

what is the food test for protein?

A

-biuret solution (A= sodium hydroxide, B= copper sulphate)
positive result= purple
negative result= blue (no colour change)

38
Q

what is the food test for fat?

A

-ethanol solution
-shake
positive result= cloudy/milky layer (emulsion)
negative result= clear

39
Q

what is the food test for reducing sugars?

A

-benedict’s solution
-heat in water bath for 5 minutes
positive result= green, yellow, orange, red
negative result= blue (no colour change)

40
Q

what is the food test for non reducing sugars?

A

-benedict’s solution
-heat in water bath for 5 minutes
-no change
-add hydrochloric acid to the sample and heat in a water bath for 5 minutes
-neutralise the solution with sodium hydrogen carbonate
-carry out benedict’s test as normal
positive result= green, yellow, orange, red
negative result= blue (no colour change)

41
Q

what are reducing and non reducing sugars?

A

reducing=
-all monosaccharides and some disaccharides (fructose)
non reducing=
-some disaccharides (sucrose)
-have to be broken down by hydrolysis into a monosaccharide for solution to change colour

42
Q

what are starch’s structure and related functions?

A

-compact= lots can be stored in one place
-insoluble= doesn’t affect water potential
-large= does not diffuse out of cells

43
Q

what is glycogen’s structure and related function?

A

-highly branched and compact= important energy reservoir, breaking down to glucose when energy is required by the body

biology (2 decks)

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