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Cells and Tissues > Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Cells and Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

what are lipid rafts?

A

cholesterol rich domains that compartmentalise function by concentrating molecules

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2
Q

what is glycocalyx?

A

a layer of carbohydrate that covers cells. many functions including cell recognition/

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3
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

it provides the interface between the cell and the external environment. it regulates everything that enters and leaves the cell and also receives signals from outside the cell.

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4
Q

what is the cytoskeleton?

A

a dynamic set of filaments which provides structure to the cell and organisation. also allows movement

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5
Q

what are intermediate filaments?

A

they have a structural role and provide mechanical strength

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6
Q

what are microtubules?

A

they are dynamic structures involved in cell movement, intracellular transport of organelles and mitotic spindle

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7
Q

what are microfilaments?

A

a dynamic structure involved in cell shape change, cell motility and maintaining cell structure

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8
Q

what are cellular junctions?

A

transmembrane proteins which connects the plasma membrane to adjacent cells

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9
Q

what is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

A

prokaryotic cells (eg bacteria) have no nucleus and little to no organelles) and are considerably smaller. Eukaryotic cells are much larger and highly organised with lots of organelles so they can carry out their function.

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10
Q

what are the 3 different types of cytoskeleton?

A

microfilaments, microtubules and intermediate filaments

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11
Q

what are organelles?

A

sub cellular compartments that are usually membrane bound (except from ribosomes) and are specialised for a unique function

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12
Q

what is the nucleus?

A

a membrane bound organelle which contains the genome. it is enclosed by the nuclear envelope which has pores to allows molecules to pass.

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13
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

interface between cell and extracellular environment. plays a large role in what enters and leaves the cell. made up of a bilayer of phospholipids. also made up of lots of cholesterol

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14
Q

what is the mitochondria

A

where energy is produced, contains its own genome which encodes for the proteins required for energy requirment. mitochondria is also responsible for apoptosis using cytochrome c.

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15
Q

what is the RER

A

responsible for protein synthesis, protein folding and post translational modifications.

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16
Q

what is the SER

A

has no ribosomes, responsible for lipid synthesis and calcium storage

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17
Q

what is the golgi apparatus?

A

a stack of flattened membrane bound sacks and vesicles. a sorting platter for proteins.

18
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

they degrade unwanted molecules and work at an optimal pH of 5

19
Q

what is an amphipathic?

A

a molecule that has a polar and non polar end

20
Q

what is a phospholipid?

A

a lipid made up of a phosphate polar head group and two fatty acid chains (one usually saturated, the other unsaturated)

21
Q

what is a lamellipodia?

A

a microfilament based membrane protrusion that helps the cell move

22
Q
A
23
Q

what is a flagellum?

A

a thread like structure that allows movement like swimming eg sperm have them

24
Q

what are flagellum and cilia made of?

A

microtubules

25
Q

what are fibroblasts?

A

biosynthetic cells which make other cells

26
Q

what does the sER do?

A

involved in lipid biosynthesis

27
Q

what are ECM Junctions used for?

A

to attach cells to membranes (eg hemidesmosome)

28
Q

what causes epidermolysis bullosa? (very fragile skin which tears easily)

A

genetic defects in the components of intermediate filaments hemidesmosome (and others) which attach cells to membranes

29
Q

what do lysosomes do?

A

remove unwanted cells

30
Q

what are lysosomal storage disorders?

A

they are caused by mutations in the genes that encode lysosomal enzymes so cells are not removed effectively

31
Q

what is the result of defective tight junctions?

A

free unregulated paracellular movement and a loss of polarity

32
Q

what do GAP junctions do?

A

they control metabolic and electrical coupling

33
Q

what is the function of tight junctions?

A

barrier, selective permeability and control cell polarity

34
Q

what is the function of adherens?

A

tissue integrity, contractibility and motility

35
Q

what is the function of desmosomes

A

strong adhesions, resist mechanical stress

36
Q

what is the function of focal adhesions?

A

cell anchorage, mechanical and biochemical signalling

37
Q

what is the function of hemidesmosomes?

A

cell anchorage

38
Q

What is defective in kartageners syndrome?

A

Cilia

39
Q

What is defective in Alzheimer’s?

A

Mictrotubules (tau protein dissociates from micro tubules)

40
Q

What is defective in epithelial tumours?

A

Adheren junctions

41
Q

What is defective in Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Lysosomes

42
Q

What is defective in epidermolysis bulossa?

A

Hemidesmosomes

Cells and Tissues (6 decks)

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