Cells And Movement Flashcards
What are some similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells
- contain organelles
- cell-surface membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer
What is a bilayer for?
It is responsible for controlling the passage of substances across exchange surfaces
What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
- prokaryotic cells make up single called prokaryotic organisms> eukaryotic cells make up complex eukaryotes
- Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex
- prokaryotic cells arise from other cells via binary fission whilst it is mitosis or meiosis for eukaryotes
What are the differences between the main eukaryotic cells
All: mitochondria,ribosome,Endoplasmic Reticulum,golgi , lysosomes, nucleus
Differences: fungi-> no chloroplasts and chitin instead of cellulose , plants have a vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall
What is specialisation ?
In complex multicellular organisms cells gain specific features-> specialisation
Specialised cells are then organised into groups to perform/ carry out a specific function
Why do cells specialise?
- shape and contents of a cell help carry out it’s function
E.g.
Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria to produce more ATP
Palisade cells have a long shape and contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis
What are specialised cells organised into?
- tissues
- organs
- organ system
What is a plasma membrane made up of?
Phospholipid bilayer
What is a phospholipid ?
It’s a lipid molecule with glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate containing group
What do plasma membranes have embedded in them?
Proteins and cholesterol
-> proteins act as receptors
What is the function of a plasma membrane?
Controls the passage of organic molecules etc in and out of the cells
What is the structure of cytoplasm?
- made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol
70% of cytoplasm is made up of water
Cytoplasm also contains proteins, sugars, ions and cell sap.
What is the function of cytoplasm
- metabolic reactions occur within the cytoplasm
- organelles perform specific functions within the cytoplasm
What is the nucleus surrounded by?
A nuclear envelope
What is the nuclear envelope?
It’s a double membrane structure that has many pores
-its inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers
What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
The pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm
What is the structure of the nucleus?
The nucleoplasm is the semi soldi fluid that contains chromatin and nucleolus
- eukaryotic nuclei contain linear chromosomes that are made up of DNA
Area within the nucleus is called the nucleolus
What’s the function of the nucleus
Nucleus controls the actions of the cell
DNA in the nucleus contain instructions for transcription and translation
Rrna is joined together with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble the ribosomal subunits
What is the structure of mitochondria ?
Oval shaped double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA
Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
Area surrounded by folds is called the mitochondrial matrix, the M matrix contains enzymes used for respiration
Folds are also called cristae
What’s the function of mitochondria
Mitochondria cells produce ATP from respiration
What’s the structure of chloroplasts ?
Chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes and have inner and outer membranes
- space enclosed by the inner membrane contains a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids
-each stack of thylakoids is called a granum
-grana/granum are linked by lamellae
-lamelleae are flat, thin parts of thylakoids membrane
The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane surrounding the grana is called the stroma
What is the function of chloroplasts ?
- photosynthesis
- allows plants to make their own food
- chloroplasts are found in plant and algal cells
What is a phospholipid bilayer?
Cell membrane
What is the difference between millimeters and micrometers?
X1000
