Cells And Movement

Question 1

What are some similarities between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

Answer 1

• contain organelles

- cell-surface membrane is made up of a phospholipid bilayer

Question 2

What is a bilayer for?

Answer 2

It is responsible for controlling the passage of substances across exchange surfaces

Question 3

What are some differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 3

• prokaryotic cells make up single called prokaryotic organisms> eukaryotic cells make up complex eukaryotes
• Eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex
• prokaryotic cells arise from other cells via binary fission whilst it is mitosis or meiosis for eukaryotes

Question 4

What are the differences between the main eukaryotic cells

Answer 4

All: mitochondria,ribosome,Endoplasmic Reticulum,golgi , lysosomes, nucleus

Differences: fungi-> no chloroplasts and chitin instead of cellulose , plants have a vacuole, chloroplasts and cell wall

Question 5

What is specialisation ?

Answer 5

In complex multicellular organisms cells gain specific features-> specialisation

Specialised cells are then organised into groups to perform/ carry out a specific function

Question 6

Why do cells specialise?

Answer 6

• shape and contents of a cell help carry out it’s function
  E.g.
  Muscle cells have lots of mitochondria to produce more ATP
  Palisade cells have a long shape and contain chlorophyll for photosynthesis

Question 7

What are specialised cells organised into?

Answer 7

• tissues
• organs
• organ system

Question 8

What is a plasma membrane made up of?

Answer 8

Phospholipid bilayer

Question 9

What is a phospholipid ?

Answer 9

It’s a lipid molecule with glycerol, two fatty acid chains and a phosphate containing group

Question 10

What do plasma membranes have embedded in them?

Answer 10

Proteins and cholesterol

-> proteins act as receptors

Question 11

What is the function of a plasma membrane?

Answer 11

Controls the passage of organic molecules etc in and out of the cells

Question 12

What is the structure of cytoplasm?

Answer 12

• made up of organelles suspended in the gel-like cytosol
  70% of cytoplasm is made up of water
  Cytoplasm also contains proteins, sugars, ions and cell sap.

Question 13

What is the function of cytoplasm

Answer 13

• metabolic reactions occur within the cytoplasm

- organelles perform specific functions within the cytoplasm

Question 14

What is the nucleus surrounded by?

Answer 14

A nuclear envelope

Question 15

What is the nuclear envelope?

Answer 15

It’s a double membrane structure that has many pores

-its inner and outer membranes are phospholipid bilayers

Question 16

What is the function of the nuclear envelope?

Answer 16

The pores control the passage of ions, molecules and RNA between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

Question 17

What is the structure of the nucleus?

Answer 17

The nucleoplasm is the semi soldi fluid that contains chromatin and nucleolus
- eukaryotic nuclei contain linear chromosomes that are made up of DNA

Area within the nucleus is called the nucleolus

Question 18

What’s the function of the nucleus

Answer 18

Nucleus controls the actions of the cell
DNA in the nucleus contain instructions for transcription and translation
Rrna is joined together with associated proteins in the nucleolus to assemble the ribosomal subunits

Question 19

What is the structure of mitochondria ?

Answer 19

Oval shaped double membrane organelles that have their own ribosomes and DNA
Each membrane is a phospholipid bilayer
Area surrounded by folds is called the mitochondrial matrix, the M matrix contains enzymes used for respiration
Folds are also called cristae

Question 20

What’s the function of mitochondria

Answer 20

Mitochondria cells produce ATP from respiration

Question 21

What’s the structure of chloroplasts ?

Answer 21

Chloroplasts have their own DNA, ribosomes and have inner and outer membranes
- space enclosed by the inner membrane contains a set of interconnected and stacked fluid-filled membrane sacs called thylakoids
-each stack of thylakoids is called a granum
-grana/granum are linked by lamellae
-lamelleae are flat, thin parts of thylakoids membrane
The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane surrounding the grana is called the stroma

Question 22

What is the function of chloroplasts ?

Answer 22

• photosynthesis
• allows plants to make their own food
• chloroplasts are found in plant and algal cells

Question 23

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 23

Cell membrane

Question 24

What is the difference between millimeters and micrometers?

Answer 24

X1000