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Biology A Level > Carbohydrates Important > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Important Flashcards

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1
Q

What are features of starch that make it act as a storage substance

A

It has a helical shape and is compact for easy storage

Insoluble in water and doesn’t affect the cell’s water potential

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2
Q

Where is the OH switched on alpha glucose?

A

2 away from the oxygen

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3
Q

Where is the OH group on a beta glucose

A

One away from the oxygen atom

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4
Q

What term is used to describe 2 atoms that have the same number of protons but different neutron numbers?

A

Isotopes

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5
Q

What word is used to describe an atom that has lost or gained an electron

A

An ion

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6
Q

What word is used to describe a molecule that has an uneven distribution of electrons

A

Polar

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7
Q

Name the type of bond between the hydrogen atoms and the oxygen atom in one molecule of water?

A

Covalent bonds

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8
Q

Name the type of bond that forms between different water molecules due to their uneven charge

A

Hydrogen bond

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9
Q

What is a polymer?

A

A substance made up of repeating subunits

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10
Q

List the elements found in all the carbohydrates

A

Carbon
Oxygen
Hydrogen

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11
Q

Describe the test for a reducing sugar?

A

Benedictus test, add an equal volume of Benedicts reagent to the sample and boil it
A positive result would be a brick red (precipitate)

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12
Q

What is a pentose sugar?

A

A sugar with 5 carbon atoms

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13
Q

What is lactose made up of?

A

Glucose, galactose

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14
Q

What Is sucrose made up of?

A

Glucose, fructose

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15
Q

Name the bond that forms between monosaccharides to produce a disaccharide or polysaccharide?

A

Glycosidic bond

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16
Q

Name a polysaccharide commonly found in animals?

A

Glycogen

17
Q

Describe the test for starch

A

Add two drops of iodine to the sample if there is a colour change of the iodine from orange to blue black

18
Q

What is the function of cellulose

A

To help support the cell’s structure in the cell

19
Q

Name the monosaccharide that builds up cellulose?

A

Beta glucose

20
Q

What is condensation?

A

A reaction where two monomers are joined and water is a byproduct of that

21
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

Where a polymer is separated into two monomers using water

22
Q

What is metabolism

A

All the chemical process that take place in living organisms are collectively called metabolism

23
Q

What is a molar solution

A

It’s a solution that contains one mole of solute in each litre of solution

24
Q

What are neutrons

A

Occur in the nucleus of an atom and have the same mass as protons but no electrical charge

25
Q

What are protons

A

Occur in the nucleus of an atom and have the same mass as neutrons but have a positive charge

26
Q

What are electrons

A

Orbit in shells around the nucleus but a long way from it They have such a small mass that their contribution to the overall mass of the atom is negligible . They are however negatively charged and their number determines the chemical properties of an atom

27
Q

How does an atom become an ion?

A

By losing or gaining electrons

28
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Monosaccharides are sweet tasting soluble substances that have the general formula (CH2O)n where n can be any number from 3 to 7

29
Q

What is Benedicts test?

A

Semi quantitative

30
Q

What is a glycosidic bond

A

The bond formed between molecules (monomers) during a condensation reaction

31
Q

What is starch

A

A polysaccharide found in many parts of a plant.

Made up of chains of alpha glucose monosaccharides liked by glycosidic bonds that are formed by condensation reactions.

32
Q

What are unbranched chains of starch made into ?

A

Tight coils that are very compact

33
Q

What are branched chains of starch

A

Not coiled

34
Q

What are some fun facts about starch ?

A

It is insoluble so it doesn’t affect the cell’s water potential
It’s large so it doesn’t diffuse out of cells
It’s compact so a lot of it can be stored in a small space
When hydrolysed it forms alpha glucose which can be easily transported
The branched form has many ends, each of which can be acted on by enzymes simultaneously meaning that glucose monomers are released very rapidly.

Biology A Level (8 decks)

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