3.5 Movement Btwn Organisms Flashcards
What are the products of photosynthesis ?
Carbon dioxide and water (as well as ATP)
What is linked to the production of ATP?
- light absorbed by chlorophyll
- ## hydrolysis of respiratory substrates
When does ATP production occur?
- protons diffuse down an electrochemical gradient through molecules of the enzyme ATP synthase , embedded in the cellular membranes of cellular organelles
What indirect evidence is there for evolution involving photosynthesis ?
The process is common in all photoautotrophic organisms and the process of respiration is common in all organisms
What is respiration and photosynthesis not?
100% efficient
What is done in the process of photosynthesis ?
What does the production of ATP involve?
Chlorophyll absorbs light leading to photoionisation of chlorophyll
Some of the energy from electrons released during photoionisation is conserved in the production of ATP and reduced NADP
The production of ATP involves electron transfer associated with the transfer of electrons down the electron transfer chain and passage of protons across chloroplast membranes (chemiosomotic theory)
Photolysis of water produces protons, electrons and oxygen
What does the light independent reaction use?
- reduced NADP from light dependent reaction to form a simple sugar, the hydrolysis of ATP also form the light dependent reaction provides additional energy for the reaction
What is the light dependent reaction?
- CO2 reacts with ribulose biphosphate (RuBP)to form two molecules of glycerate 3 phosphate(GP). This is catalysed by the enzyme rubisco
ATP and reduced NADP from the LDR are used to reduce GP to triode phosphate
Some of the triose phosphate is used to regenerate RuBP in the Calvin cycle
Some of the triose phosphate is converted to useful organic substances
What is SER responsible
Synthesis and processing lipids
What’s the main difference between RER and SER?
RER has ribosomes studded on it
How does protein synthesis occur in both the RER and the ribosomes?
Made of membrane,
To improve efficiency -> through transcription and translation, the RNA moves out of the nucleus Into a ribosome and then the ribosome moves towards the RER .
The ribosome codes through the mRNA, when the amino acids and polypeptides are being produced, they fold in the endoplasmic reticulum (they have to be a particular structure) so they are “born” in the ER
Why are organelles so compartmentalised i/e why are there so many organelles ?
Because efficiency is required to make an energy efficient human being
What are the main organelles in an animal cell?
- plasma membrane
- mitochondria (Cristae, outer and inner membrane, matrix, plasmid, ATP synthase)
- ribosomes
- nucleus (nuclear envelope, pores, SER, RER, nucleolus )
How do proteins and lipids in the ER moved out of the cell?
They are modified/altered in the Golgi apparatus, and then are moved in a vessicle to the plasma membrane (which by exocytosis which is basically active transport) is released into the outside of a cell
What membrane do mitochondria have?
Double
