Cells and classification Flashcards
Names the organelles in an animal cell
Cell surface membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Mitochondria
What is an organelle?
Microscopic structures that carry out specific jobs or functions in a cell
e.g. Ribosomes, mitochondria, nucleus
Name the organelles in a plant cell
Cell surface membrane
Cell wall
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosome
Chloroplast
Vacuole
Mitochondria
Which organelles are only found in plant cells ( not animal cells)
Chloroplasts
Vacuole
Cell wall ( made of cellulose)
What is the role of the nucleus
Contains DNA/chromosomes that control the activities of the cell. Genes provide the instructions to make new proteins in the cell.
What is the role of the mitochondria
Organelle in which respiration occurs
What is the word equation for respiration
Glucose + oxygen → water + carbon dioxide
(to release energy)
What is the function of the chloroplast
Only found in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.
carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen
What is the advantage of an electron microscope over a light microscope
Clear image/clarity
More detail- you can see more structures e.g. Flagellum on a bacteria cell
Greater magnification- up to 2000000 time magnified
Name the structures of a bacterial cell
Chromosomal DNA
Plasmid DNA
Cytoplasm
Cell wall ( not made of cellulose)
Flagellum ( not always present)
Slime coat
pilli
How do you calculate the magnification of a microscope
Objective lens x eye piece lens
What is a stem cell
An unspecialised cell that can divide to produce more stem cells or different specialised cell types.
In the future they could be used to treat diseases like Parkinson’s disease or repair damaged tissues.
What happens in the mitochondria
Respiration to release energy for the cell to live
What are the 5 kingdoms in classification
Plantae
Animalia
Fungi
Protoctista
Prokaryote
What is a hybrid
When 2 closely related species breed. The offspring of usually infertile but have characteristics of both parents e.g zedonk!
How do you select a bionomial name?
Genus Species
What is speciation?
The formation of a new species, such as when populations of a species are separated geographically and evolve until they are no longer capable of interbreeding.
Name give to different forms of the same gene
Allele
Describe the symptoms of cystic fibrosis
- Thick mucus on the lungs - frequent infections of the lungs - Thick mucus blocks the enzymes in the digestive system leading to difficulty maintaining weight ( enzymes from the pancreas to the small intestine) - thick mucus blocks reproductive tubes( often infertile) - shortened life expectancy
How would you describe Cc?
Heterozygous
Carrier (if a recessive genetic disease)
How do you inherit a disease like cystic fibrosis or sickle cell disease?
- They are recessive diseases - caused by inheriting 2 recessive alleles e.g. cc
Draw a punnet square for 2 parents that are carriers for cystic fibrosis (CF). What is the probability of a child having CF?
1:4 have CF (25%) 1:2 are carriers (50%)
cystic fibrosis is usually shown using the letter c
Gametes: C c C c
offspring: CC Cc Cc cc
What is natural selection?
A process in which the organisms best suited to the conditions of their habitats are likely to survive.
Survival of the fittest!
Describe the adaptation of the polar bear
Describe the adaptations of the Pompeii deep sea worm….
Describe the symptoms of sickle cell disease
Tired/fatigue
short of breath ( red blood cells carry less oxygen)
Painful joints because red blood cells stick together and block blood vessels
What is a normal distribution?
Variation on a graph that shows a bell shaped curve with most values in the middle of the range and few at the extremes.
E.g. Height
What is biodiversity?
A measure of the total number of different species in an area.
The higher the biodiversity the more variety of plant and animal species their are in an area. There are biodiversity hotspots around the world.
Accurate classification using the binomial system allows biologist to…..
- easily identify existing species and new species
- see how organisms are related
- identify areas of greater biodiversity and lesser biodiversity
Why is biodiversity important?
- We obtain products from living things (food and medicine)
- we might need these things in the future ( as point 1)
- bio-diverse areas are better at recovering from natural disasters.
- scientists think more money should be spent on areas of high biodiversity (conservation is needed to prevent loss of species or species at risk).
How can scientist classify different vertibtrates?
Bird/fish/mammal/ amphibian/ reptile
- **how they absorb oxygen: **fish have gills, mammal, reptiles, birds have lungs, young amphibians have gills but adults usually have lungs and can absorb oxygen through skin
- internal or external fertilisation
**- oviparous **( lay eggs) or **viviparous **( give birth to live young)
- body temperature: homeothermic (maintain a constant body temperature, often warmer than their surroundings) or poikilotherms (body temperature varies with their surroundings)
What is a ring species?
A ring of populations, in which neighbouring populations can interbreed but the populations at the two ends of the chain cannot( despite the fact the both live in the same area)
What are the different types of variation?
Genetic variation - caused by the DNA you inherit (mostly discontinuous variation)
environmental variation - caused by the environment and surroundings/lifestyle
What is discontinuous variation?
A characteristic of any species with only a limited number of possible values E.g blood group
What do you find on chromosomes?
Chromosomes are in the nucleus ( or free in a bacteria)
They are made of DNA and sections called genes code for specific proteins.
What are gametes?
Sex cells e.g. Sperm, egg, pollen grain.
They only contain one copy of each chromosome.
How would you describe the genotype CC?
Homozygous dominant
How would you describe the genotype cc?
This is a pedigree chart. How likely is it that Sam has cystic fibrosis?
What is the genotype of Brian?
cc
He has Cystic fibrosis so has 2 recessive alleles.
What are the main features of the animal kingdom?
What are the main features of the fungi kingdom?
What are the main features of the plant kingdom?
What are the main features of the prokaryote kingdom?
What are the main features of Protoctista kingdom?
