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Biology B1 > B1 Topic 3 - Inter Relationships > Flashcards

B1 Topic 3 - Inter Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a stimulant?

A

Increase the speed of reaction and speed of transmission at the synapse. Includes caffeine.

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2
Q

What are painkillers?

A

Including morphine, drugs that block nerve impulses transmitting pain signals.

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3
Q

What is a drug?

A

A drug is a chemical substance, such as a narcotic or hallucinogen,that affects the C.N.S., causing changes in psychological behaviour and possible addiction.

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4
Q

What are the short term effects of alcohol?

A

Slows reactions because it is a depressant.

Blurred vision and lower inhibitions.

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5
Q

What are the long term effects of alcohol?

A

Causes the death of liver cells, forming scar tissue that starts to block blood flow through the liver. (Cirrhosis).
Brain damage.

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6
Q

Problems of smoking?

A

Carbon monoxide reduces the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood because it combines with haemoglobin.
Nicotine is addictive.
Tar is a carcinogen - causes cancer.

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7
Q

How are infectious diseases caused?

A

Pathogens.

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8
Q

What types of pathogen are there?

A

Bacteria, Protozoa, fungi, viruses.

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9
Q

How are pathogens spread?

A

Water - cholera is bacterial and causes dehydration & diarrhoea.
Food - salmonella is bacterial from food poisoning.
Air - influenza virus through cough & sneeze.
Contact - athletes foot is fungal through towels.
Bodily fluids - HIV spread by sharing needles.
Animal vectors - malaria & dysentery from mosquito.

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10
Q

What are the types of pathogen barriers?

A

Chemical and physical.

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11
Q

How does the body physically protect itself against pathogens?

A

The skin - blood clots seal the skin and keep microorganisms out.

The respiratory system - the respiratory tract is lined with mucus and cilia. The mucus catches dust and bacteria before then reach the lungs.

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12
Q

How does the body chemically protect itself against pathogens?

A

The eyes - produce lysozyme (tears) that kills bacteria on the surface if the eye.

The stomach - hydrochloric acid in the stomach kills bacteria.

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13
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

They are outside the body to stop disease spreading. Prevent infection. Used on the skin to destroy bacteria, Disinfectants destroy bacteria on non-living surfaces.

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14
Q

What is a depressant?

A

Drugs, including alcohol, that slow down the activity of the brain.

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15
Q

What is decomposer bacteria?

A

Decompose proteins and urea and turn them into ammonia.

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16
Q

What is nitrifying bacteria?

A

Turn ammonia in decaying matter into nitrates.

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17
Q

What is nitrogen fixing bacteria?

A

Turn atmospheric nitrogen into nitrogen compounds that plants can use.

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18
Q

What is denitrifying bacteria?

A

Turn nitrates back into nitrogen gas. No benefit to living organisms.

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19
Q

What are hallucinogens?

A

E.g. LSD. They distort what’s seen and heard by altering the pathways nerve impulses normally travel along.

20
Q

What are the problems with organ transplants in the UK?

A

Obese people have a higher chance of death in surgery.

People who have damaged their liver due to alcohol might no be considered for a transplant unless they stop drinking.

21
Q

What are antibiotics?

A

They are used inside the body to treat infections.
They are used to treat patients who already have been infected with bacteria of fungi.
They cannot destroy viruses.

21
Q

What are the two types of antibiotics?

A

Antibacterials and Antifungals.

22
Q

What are Antibacterials?

A

E.g. Penicillin - used to treat bacterial infections.
They kill bacteria or stop them growing.
However bacteria can evolve resistance to certain antibacterial antibiotics.

23
Q

What are Antifungals?

A

E.g. nystatin - is used to treat fungal infections.

They work by killing the fungi or stopping them growing.

24
Q

How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

A

Bacteria can mutate which can cause them to be resistant to antibiotics. If you have an infection, some of the bacteria might be resistant to the antibiotics treating it. When treating the non resistant bacteria are killed but the resistant ones survive and reproduce. This is an example of natural selection. This can cause a serious infection such as MRSA which is resistant the methicillin.

25
Q

What is the main reason for resistant bacteria?

A

Misuse by doctors overprescribing patients and not finishing their course.

26
Q

Describe a simple food chain?

A

Plants convert a small % of the light energy that falls on to them into glucose. The rabbit eats the plant but uses up some energy it gets from the plant as some is stored in it’s body. The fox eats the rabbit and gets some of the energy in it’s body that was stored.

27
Q

What are the ways that energy is used up?

A

Respiration
Movement
Heat to the surroundings - especially by mammals and birds because their body temperature must be kept at a constant temp.
Material and energy through excreation.
This is why there are hardly ever any food chains with more than 5 trophic levels because of the amount of energy loss.

28
Q

What do pyramids of biomass show?

A

How much the creature weigh at each level of the food chain.

29
Q

What are parasites?

A

Live in or on a host. They take what they need to survive without giving anything back. This often harms the host.

30
Q

What are the four parasites?

A

Fleas
Head lice
Tapeworms
Mistletoe

31
Q

What are fleas?

A

Insects that live in fur and bedding of animals, including humans. They feed by sucking the blood of their hosts and can reproduce quickly. The hosts gain nothing.

32
Q

What are head lice?

A

Insects that live on human scalps, sucking blood for food and making a person itch.

33
Q

What are tapeworms?

A

Attach to the intestine wall of their hosts - humans.

They absorb nutrients from their host, causing them to suffer from malnutrition.

34
Q

What is mistletoe?

A

A parasitic plant that grows on trees and shrubs. It absorbs a water and nutrients from it’s host, which can reduce the hosts growth.

35
Q

What is mutualism?

A

Is a relationship where both organisms benefit.

36
Q

The 4 types of mutualistic relationships?

A

Oxpeckers
Cleaner fish
Nitrogen fixing bacteria in legumes
Chemo synthetic bacteria in deep sea vents

37
Q

What are oxpeckers?

A

Are birds that live on the backs of buffalo. They eat pests off the buffalo like tics, which provides them with a source of food. Oxpeckers also alert the animal of predators that are near, by hissing.
This is an example of a cleaner species.

38
Q

What are cleaner fish?

A

Is an example of cleaner species. They eat dead skin and parasites off larger fish (e.g. Groupers). In return they get a source of food and avoid being eaten by the big fish.

39
Q

What is nitrogen-fixing bacteria in legumes?

A

Most plants have to rely on nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil to get the nitrates they need. But leguminous plants carry the bacteria in nodules in their roots. The bacteria get a constant supply of sugar from the plant and gets the plant the essential nitrates it needs from the bacteria.

40
Q

What is chemosynthetic bacteria in deep sea vents?

A

The chemosynthetic bacteria live inside giant tube worms in deep sea vents. The tube worms supply the bacteria with chemicals from the sea water, which the bacteria turn into food for themselves and the host worms.

41
Q

What are the reasons for population increase?

A

Modern medicine which has stopped widespread death from disease.
Modern farming techniques.

42
Q

What are the problems with a population increase?

A

Non renewable energy resources are rapidly being used up.
More waste is being produced.
More pollutants are being produced such as nitrates, sulfur dioxide and phosphates.

43
Q

Eutrophication definition?

A

Too many nitrates in the water cause a sequence of mega growth, death and decay involving most of the plant and animal life in the water.

44
Q

Effects of not recycling?

A

There is more waste and more landfill.
Some waste is toxic so more polluted land.
More materials have to be manufactured and extracted, which uses up the earths resources and energy.

Biology B1 (6 decks)

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