Cells Flashcards
Properties of eukaryotic cells
They are complex and include all animal and plant cells
Properties of prokaryotic cells
They are smaller and simpler - bacteria
What is the job of the nucleus
Contains genetic information (dna) and control of the cell
What is the job of the mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration (release of energy)
What is the job of the cytoplasm
Site of chemical reactions (jelly like)
What is the job of the cell membrane
Allows molecules to leave and enter the cell
What is the job of the ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis (making)
What is the job of the cellulose cell wall
Strengthens the cell (structure support
What is the job of the permanent vacuole
Contains sap
What is the job of the chloroplasts
Where photosynthesis occurs, contain chlorophyll which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis
What is the microscopy formula
Magnification = image size
Real size
What are the 2 types of microscope
1) light microscope
2) Electron microscope
What is the microscope triangle
Image size
Magnification x real size
In microscopy what numbers do we work with
Standard form
What is the function of a sperm
They are specialised for reproduction, puts male DNA into female DNA
Which organelle produces energy
Mithchondria
What is differentiation
The process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job
What is the name of an undifferentiated cell
A stem cell
What is the function of a nerve cell
To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to the other
What is the function of a muscle cell
To contract quickly
How are muscle cells adapted
They are long and contain lots of mitochondria
What is the function of a root hair cell
Gives the plant a long surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil
What is the function of the phloem and xylem cells
They transport food and water around the plant
How has the xylem adapted
They are hollow
How has the phloem adapted
Have very few sub cellular structures so that stuff can flow through them
How have sperm adapted
They have long tails and a streamline head to help swim to the egg
How many chromosomes are in the human body
46
How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human body
23
What are the 3 stages of mitosis
1) duplication
2) mitosis
3) cleaving
Which part of the cell are chromosomes found
Nucleus
What are chromosomes
Coiled up lengths of DNA
What do chromosomes carry
Genes
What does GRRR stand for during the process o mitosis
Growth
Repair
Replace
Reproduce
Why do cells divide
So an organism can grow
Allows organisms to repair
To replace cells
As a means of reproduction (asexual)
What happens in stage one of mitosis (duplication)
Doubles - cell grows bigger, genetic material and organelles (ribosomes and mitochondria) are replicated
What happens during stage 2 of Mitosis (Mitosis)
Middle - one set of chromosomes is pulled to each side of the nucleus and then the nucleus splits in 2
What happens during stage 3 of Mitosis (cleaving)
Splitting - the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 genetically identical cells
What is DNA
Chemical polymer that carries genetic information
What is a gene
A section of DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids
What may stem cells be able to do
Cure many diseases
Where can stem cells be found
Bone marrow
Why is bone marrow used for patients who have faulty blood cells
It can replace the faulty blood cells
What is one risk of stem cells that have been grown in a lab
They could become contaminated with a virus which could be passed onto other patients, therefore making them sicker
What do stem cells do
They can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells
How to stem cells differentiate
They can differentiate into different types of cells
In a plant where are stem cells found
In the meristems (where plant growth occurs)
What is different about stem cells found in bone marrow compared to embryonic stem cells
Bone marrow stem cells can’t turn into any type of cell, only certain ones like blood cells
What is the main function of the leaf
To make food
A plant makes glucose in a process called
Photosynthesis
What substance enters the leaf through the stomata
Carbon dioxide
What is the equation for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy) ➡️glucose + oxygen
