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GCSE Biology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Properties of eukaryotic cells

A

They are complex and include all animal and plant cells

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2
Q

Properties of prokaryotic cells

A

They are smaller and simpler - bacteria

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3
Q

What is the job of the nucleus

A

Contains genetic information (dna) and control of the cell

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4
Q

What is the job of the mitochondria

A

Site of aerobic respiration (release of energy)

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5
Q

What is the job of the cytoplasm

A

Site of chemical reactions (jelly like)

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6
Q

What is the job of the cell membrane

A

Allows molecules to leave and enter the cell

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7
Q

What is the job of the ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis (making)

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8
Q

What is the job of the cellulose cell wall

A

Strengthens the cell (structure support

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9
Q

What is the job of the permanent vacuole

A

Contains sap

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10
Q

What is the job of the chloroplasts

A

Where photosynthesis occurs, contain chlorophyll which absorbs light needed for photosynthesis

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11
Q

What is the microscopy formula

A

Magnification = image size

Real size

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of microscope

A

1) light microscope

2) Electron microscope

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13
Q

What is the microscope triangle

A

Image size

Magnification x real size

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14
Q

In microscopy what numbers do we work with

A

Standard form

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15
Q

What is the function of a sperm

A

They are specialised for reproduction, puts male DNA into female DNA

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16
Q

Which organelle produces energy

A

Mithchondria

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17
Q

What is differentiation

A

The process in which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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18
Q

What is the name of an undifferentiated cell

A

A stem cell

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19
Q

What is the function of a nerve cell

A

To carry electrical signals from one part of the body to the other

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20
Q

What is the function of a muscle cell

A

To contract quickly

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21
Q

How are muscle cells adapted

A

They are long and contain lots of mitochondria

22
Q

What is the function of a root hair cell

A

Gives the plant a long surface area for absorbing water and mineral ions from the soil

23
Q

What is the function of the phloem and xylem cells

A

They transport food and water around the plant

24
Q

How has the xylem adapted

A

They are hollow

25
Q

How has the phloem adapted

A

Have very few sub cellular structures so that stuff can flow through them

26
Q

How have sperm adapted

A

They have long tails and a streamline head to help swim to the egg

27
Q

How many chromosomes are in the human body

A

46

28
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in the human body

A

23

29
Q

What are the 3 stages of mitosis

A

1) duplication
2) mitosis
3) cleaving

30
Q

Which part of the cell are chromosomes found

A

Nucleus

31
Q

What are chromosomes

A

Coiled up lengths of DNA

32
Q

What do chromosomes carry

A

Genes

33
Q

What does GRRR stand for during the process o mitosis

A

Growth
Repair
Replace
Reproduce

34
Q

Why do cells divide

A

So an organism can grow
Allows organisms to repair
To replace cells
As a means of reproduction (asexual)

35
Q

What happens in stage one of mitosis (duplication)

A

Doubles - cell grows bigger, genetic material and organelles (ribosomes and mitochondria) are replicated

36
Q

What happens during stage 2 of Mitosis (Mitosis)

A

Middle - one set of chromosomes is pulled to each side of the nucleus and then the nucleus splits in 2

37
Q

What happens during stage 3 of Mitosis (cleaving)

A

Splitting - the cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form 2 genetically identical cells

38
Q

What is DNA

A

Chemical polymer that carries genetic information

39
Q

What is a gene

A

A section of DNA that codes for a sequence of amino acids

40
Q

What may stem cells be able to do

A

Cure many diseases

41
Q

Where can stem cells be found

A

Bone marrow

42
Q

Why is bone marrow used for patients who have faulty blood cells

A

It can replace the faulty blood cells

43
Q

What is one risk of stem cells that have been grown in a lab

A

They could become contaminated with a virus which could be passed onto other patients, therefore making them sicker

44
Q

What do stem cells do

A

They can divide to produce lots more undifferentiated cells

45
Q

How to stem cells differentiate

A

They can differentiate into different types of cells

46
Q

In a plant where are stem cells found

A

In the meristems (where plant growth occurs)

47
Q

What is different about stem cells found in bone marrow compared to embryonic stem cells

A

Bone marrow stem cells can’t turn into any type of cell, only certain ones like blood cells

48
Q

What is the main function of the leaf

A

To make food

49
Q

A plant makes glucose in a process called

A

Photosynthesis

50
Q

What substance enters the leaf through the stomata

A

Carbon dioxide

51
Q

What is the equation for photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy) ➡️glucose + oxygen

GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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