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Histology > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What are some membrane-bound organelles?

A

nucleus, mitochondria, ER, golgi, lysosomes

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2
Q

What are some nonmembrane bound organelles?

A

ribosomes, centrosomes, basal bodies

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3
Q

What are some other names for the cell membrane?

A

plasma membrane

plasmalemma

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4
Q

What does the phospholipid bilayer consist of?

A

Phospholipid (amphiphilic)

Cholesterol

Membrane proteins (transmembrane and perpheral)

Carbohydrate molecules (glycocalyx)

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5
Q

What is special about transport through the plasma membrane?

A

The membrane is selectively permeable: small nonpolar molecules pass through easily and larger polar molecules and charged molecules need help passing through

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6
Q

What are some transport mechanisms through the plasmalemma?

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

Active transport

Endocytosis (phagocytosis and pinocytosis)

Exocytosis

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7
Q

What is the cytosol primarily made up of?

A

75-90% water

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8
Q

What are the three fibers of the cytoskeleton? Describe their composition and function.

A

Microfilaments (7nm diameter): made of actin protein filaments in a helix, form the terminal web internal to the cell membrane

Intermediate filaments(8-10 nm diameter): variety of proteins, including keratin. Structural role

Microtubules (25 nm diameter, 15 nm lumen): tubulin protein forms hollow tubes, cilia and centrioles

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9
Q

Describe the types and functions of the 4 different cellular projections.

A

Microvilli: short and fingerlike extensions of plasma membrane. increase surface area, good for absorption, nonmotile and supported by microfilaments

Sterocilia: related to microvilli but are a lot longer. Nonmotile, increase SA. Can have a sensory function

Cilia: way longer than microvilli, 9x2 + 2 internal structure pattern of microtubules, mostly motile. Many nonepithelial cells have nonmotile sensory primary-cilium

Falgella: very very long, motile tail of sperm, same microtubule internal structure as cilia

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10
Q

What projections are these?

A

Brush bored of microvilli

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11
Q

What projections are these?

A

Epididymis cells with stereocilia

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12
Q

What projections are these?

A

Respiratory tract with cilia

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13
Q

What is this a picture of?

A

Mucosa of small intestine

BB = Brush border (microvilli)

CT = Connective tissue

EC = Epithelial cells

L = Lumen

Le = Leukocytes

MC = Mast cell

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14
Q

What is meant by the axoneme in cilia and flagella?

A

The 9x2 + 2 arrangmenent of the microtubules

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15
Q

Look at this picture and identify the difference between the short microvilli and long cilia that are attached to their dense basal bodies at the apical margin of the cell.

A
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16
Q

Describe the structure and function of a centriole. then describe a centrosome.

A

Microtubules arranged as 9 sets of triplets in a circular pattern.

Two centrioles that are arranged perpendicular to one another along with the pericentriolar matrix makes up the centrosome (MTOC)

Centrioles made new microtubules and form the basal bodies of cilia

Important in mitotic spindle formation for cell division.

17
Q

Describe a mitochondirons structure and function.

A

Double membrane structure

aerobic respiration, early role in apoptosis

have circular DNA in matrix

18
Q

What makes up the endomembrane system? What is its structure and function?

A

ER and golgi makes up endomembrane system.

works to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

19
Q

What is the difference between rough and smooth ER?

A

Rough ER: studded with ribosomes, continuous with nuclear membrane, cisternae (interconnected flat tubules), makes proteins for cell membrane or lysosomes (cytoplam ribosomes make cytoplasm proteins)

Smooth ER: continuous with rough ER, makes phospholipids and cholesterol for cell membrane, makes steroid hormones. Detox drugs (liver), storage of calcium in muscle

20
Q

What is the function of the golgi?

A

Receives products from ER via vesicles and sorts, packages, and tags them to be sent to their destination.

Made of flattened sacs called cisternae

Cis face is convex and receives from ER

Depart from convex trans face

major part of secretory pathway is trans-golgi network of trans face

DOESNT STAIN WITH H&E, but can be seen as pale area near nucleus

21
Q

What are lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A

Lysosomes: membrane-bound vesicles that contain digestive hydrolytic enzymes involved in autophagy

Peroxisomes: membrane-bound and contain enzymes in oxidative digestion

22
Q

What is the largest organelle of the cell?

A

nucleus

23
Q

What encloses the nucleus? describe inner and outer membrane. purpose of pores?

A

nuclear envelope

Inner lacks ribosomes

pores allow communication between nucleoplasm and cytoplasm

24
Q

What is the nucleolus and its purpose?

A

this is a cluster of protein, DNA, and RNA that is not bound by a membrane

Site of ribosomal RNA transcription and assembly of ribosomes

MAY HAVE MORE THAN ONE NUCLEOLUS IN A NUCLEUS

25
Q

What is chromatin? What is the difference between euchromatin and heterochromatin?

A

Chromatin is DNA wrapped around histones

Euchromatin: more dispersed and lightly stained parts, unpacked and active in transcription

Heterochromatin: highly condensed, not very transcriptionally active

26
Q

What are the phases of the cell cycle and an approximate amount of time a cell spends in each phase? What phase are nondividing cells in?

A

G1 (11 hours) - replication of organelles and cytoplasm

S (8 hours) - DNA replication

G2 (4 hours) - growth, protein synthesis

Mitosis (1 hour)

Nondividing cells are in G0 phase

27
Q

Do embryonic cells have G1 and G2 phases?

A

NO

28
Q

Describe prophase.

A

chromosomes condense

centrioles migrate to poles

nuclear envelope disappears

29
Q

Describe metaphase.

A

chromosomes align along metaphase plate

30
Q

describe the structure and function of the microtubule organizing center (MTOC). What is the kinetochore?

A

assembles around centrioles

region where most microtubules form

serves as mitotic spindle poles

Kinetochore is where the spindle attaches to the centromere region of the chromosome

31
Q

Describe anaphase.

A

chromosomes migrate apart

cleavage furrow begins to form

32
Q

Describe telophase.

A

Chromosomes decondense

nucleolus reappears

nuclear envelope reforms

mitotic spindle breaks down

33
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

cleavage furrow completely divides daughter cells

34
Q

What is meiosis restricted to?

A

germ cells

35
Q
A

Left image:

A = Anaphase

C = Centrioles

Ch = Chromosomes

M = Equatorial plate

of cell in Metaphase

Arrow = Chromosomes

Arrowheads = Cells in

Anaphase

Right image:

Ch = Chromosomes

Arrow = Spindle

apparatus of cell in

Early Telophase

Arrowheads =

Cleavage furrow

36
Q
A

Ac = Acini

GC = Goblet cell

N = Nucleus

ZG = Zymogen granules

Arrow = Lateral cell membrane

37
Q

What should you look at first when identifying a cell? 3 things.

A

plasma membrane

nucleus

cytoplasm

38
Q

Things to remember?

A

cells dont exist in isolation

2D representation of 3D

Histology (7 decks)

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