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Year 8 Science > cells > Flashcards

cells Flashcards

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1
Q

microscope

A

an instrument for viewing small objects

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2
Q

cells

A

the smallest unit of life. Cells are the building blocks of living things

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3
Q

light microscopes

A

instrument for viewing very small objects. A light microscope can magnify things up to 1500 times.

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4
Q

electron microscopes

A

instrument for viewing very small objects. An electron microscope is much more powerful than a light microscope and can magnify things up to a million times.

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5
Q

monocular

A

describes a microscope through which the specimen is seen using one eye only

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6
Q

binocular

A

a microscope with two eyepieces, so you use both eyes to look at the object

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7
Q

stereo

A

describes a microscope through which the specimen is viewed using both eyes

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8
Q

magnification

A

the number of times the image of an object has been enlarged using a lens or lens system. For example, a magnification of two means the object has been enlarged to twice its actual size.

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9
Q

unicellular

A

describes orgagnism only have one cell

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10
Q

multicellular

A

having many cells. Most plants and animals are multicellular.

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11
Q

micrometre

A

a length of one millionth of a metre

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12
Q

nanometre

A

a unit of measurement equal to one billionth of a metre

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13
Q

nanotechnology

A

a rapidly developing field that includes studying and investigating cells and other objects of the smallest dimensions

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14
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Prokaryotes

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15
Q

eukaryote

A

member of the group of organisms that has a membrane around the nucleus in each of their cells

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16
Q

cell membrane

A

structure that encloses the contents of a cell and allows the movement of some materials in and out

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17
Q

cytosol

A

the fluid found inside cells

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18
Q

ribosomes

A

small structures within a cell in which proteins such as enzymes are made

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19
Q

cytoplasm

A

the jelly-like material inside a cell. It contains many organelles such as the nucleus and vacuoles.

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20
Q

metabolism

A

the chemical reactions occurring within an organism that enable the organism to use energy and grow and repair cells

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21
Q

binary fission

A

reproduction by the division of an organism (usually a single cell) into two new organisms

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22
Q

Animalia

A

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, but no cell wall, large vacuole or chloroplasts

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23
Q

plantae

A

the kingdom of organisms that have cells with a membrane around the nucleus, cell wall, large vacuole and chloroplasts, commonly called plants

24
Q

fungi

A

the kingdom of organisms, such as mushrooms and moulds, that help to decompose dead or decaying matter

25
Q

Protoctista

A

the kingdom of organisms, including algae and protozoans, that do not fit into other groups

26
Q

Prokaryotae

A

the kingdom of organisms that consist of single cells with a nucleus not surrounded by a membrane or a cell wall, commonly called bacteria

27
Q

mitochondria

A

small rod-shaped organelles that supply energy to other parts of the cell. They are usually too small to be seen with light microscopes. Singular = mitochondrion.

28
Q

chloroplasts

A

oval-shaped organelle found only in plant cells. Chloroplasts contain the pigment chlorophyll.

29
Q

cellular respiration

A

the chemical reaction involving oxygen that moves the energy in glucose into the compound ATP. The body is able to use the energy contained in ATP.

30
Q

photosynthesis

A

the food-making process in plants that takes place in chloroplasts within cells. The process uses carbon dioxide, water and energy from the sun.

31
Q

chlorophyll

A

the green-coloured chemical in plants that absorbs the light energy used in photosynthesis to make food from carbon dioxide and water

32
Q

phloem

A

type of tissue that transports sugars made in the leaves to other parts of a plant

33
Q

translocation

A

transport of materials, such as water and glucose, in plants

34
Q

xylem vessels

A

pipelines for the flow of water up plants. They are made up of the remains of dead xylem cells fitted end to end with the joining walls broken down.

35
Q

lignin

A

a hard substance in the walls of dead xylem cells that make up the tubes carrying water up plant stems. Lignin forms up to 30 per cent of the wood of trees.

36
Q

stomata

A

small openings mainly on the lower surface of leaves. These pores are opened and closed by guard cells. Singular = stoma.

37
Q

transpiration stream

A

movement of water through a plant as a result of loss of water from the leaves

38
Q

vascular bundles

A

groups of xylem and phloem vessels within plant stems

39
Q

transpiration

A

loss of water from plant leaves through their stomata

40
Q

guard cells

A

cells on either side of a stoma that work together to control the opening and closing of the stoma

41
Q

nucleus

A

central part of an atom, made up of protons and neutrons. Also roundish structure inside a cell that acts as the control centre for the cell. Plural = nuclei.

42
Q

chromosomes

A

tiny, thread-like structure inside the nucleus of a cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that carries genetic information.

43
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

the chemical substance found in all living things that encodes the genetic information of an organism

44
Q

mitosis

A

cell division process that results in new cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell

45
Q

clones

A

identical copy

46
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process where the cytoplasm of a cell divides to form two daughter cells

47
Q

epidermis

A

outermost layer of the skin

48
Q

dermis

A

the medical name for the deeper part of the skin

49
Q

receptors

A

special cells that detect energy and convert it to electrical energy that is sent to the brain

50
Q

sweat glands

A

tiny, coiled tube in the skin through which water and salt are removed from the body, helping to control body temperature

51
Q

pores

A

small opening in the skin. Perspiration reaches the surface of the skin through pores.

52
Q

evaporates

A

change state from a liquid to a gas. Evaporation occurs only from the surface of a liquid.

53
Q

cancer

A

a disease resulting in the uncontrolled growth of body cells, forming tumours

54
Q

tumour

A

an abnormal growth

55
Q

benign

A

describes a tumour that does not spread to other parts of the body

56
Q

malignant

A

describes a type of tumour that damages cells and can spread to other parts of the body

Year 8 Science (4 decks)

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