Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

A dense aggregation of rRNA in the nucleus that produces rRNA and ribosomes to build proteins.

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2
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To produce secreted and membrane-bound proteins.

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3
Q

What type of cell might have a lot of RER?

A

A plasma cell, to secrete antibodies.

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4
Q

What is the function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

To synthesise lipid substances.

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5
Q

What cell might have a lot of SER?

A

An enterocyte or hepatocyte for synthesising lipoproteins. A steroid hormone secreting cell, that undergoes intense (high ATP requirement) synthesis of lipids.

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6
Q

What is the function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Store calcium ions (intake through phosolambam) then release the calcium after activation of the ryanodine receptor (which is coupled to dihydropyridine receptor).

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7
Q

What is the function of secretory granules?

A

To store substances until the signal comes for them to be secreted.
They allow the cell to carry out regulated secretion, e.g a hormone secreting cell from the pituitary, or a mast cell secreting histamine (constitutive secretion).

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8
Q

Name the water compartments in the body.

A

Intracellular water.
Extracellular water, which includes:
1) Interstitial compartment (contains interstitial fluid)
2) Intravascular compartment (blood)
3) Transcellular (fluid doesn’t normally accumulate in large amounts e.g CSF, synovial fluid, pleural and peritoneal cavities).

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9
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

To digest toxic peroxides, metabolise fatty acids and other metabolites e.g alcohol.

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10
Q

What is the function of an endosome?

A

Vesicles that is formed from the plasma membrane and transports extra cellular material into the cell.

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11
Q

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesises lipids and steroid hormones, involved in carbohydrate metabolism, calcium concentrations (e.g sarcoplasmic reticulum), drug detoxification.

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12
Q

What is the first component of the Krebs cycle?

A

Citric acid.

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13
Q

What is the product for aerobic glycolysis, and what is the product of anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Aerobic glycolysis = pyruvate

Anaerobic glycolysis = lactate

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14
Q

How do prions propagate in the host?

A

Induce the conversion of endogenous proteins into prion proteins.

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15
Q

What is a retrovirus?

A

A virus with an RNA genome that replicates via a DNA intermediate using reverse transcriptase.

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16
Q

What are three things that can increase oedema?

A

Blockage in vein or lymphatics
Increased arterial blood pressure
Decrease of high molecular weight solids in blood due to decreased liver function