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Biology 1/2 > Cells > Flashcards

Cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Microscope

A

An instrument that enables the human eye to observe enlarged images of tiny objects

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2
Q

Who was the father of microscopy?

A

Anton van Leewenhoek

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3
Q

The Cell Theory

A
  • All organisms are made up of one or more than one cell
  • A cell is the basic structural unit of all life forms on this planet
  • All cells come from pre-existing cells
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4
Q

Metabolism

A

All chemical reactions within the body

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5
Q

Cytology

A

The study of cells

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6
Q

What is a Synchrotron?

A

It is a source of highly intense light ranging from infrared to hard x-rays used for a wide variety of research purposes.

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7
Q

How are cells classified?

A

By:

  • Structure
  • How they obtain energy
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8
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A
  • Eukaryotes

- Prokaryotes

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9
Q

What are Eukaryotes?

A

All cells that have a membrane around the nucleus and they have membrane bound organelles.

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10
Q

What are Prokaryotes?

A

Organisms that consist of cells without a membrane around the nucleus, e.g. bacteria

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11
Q

What are the types of microscopes?

A
  1. Light microscope
  2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
  3. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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12
Q

What is a light microscope?

A
  • It is the simplest form of microscope.
  • The specimens are illuminated with light
  • All light microscopes use several lenses to obtain high magnification.
  • It can be magnified up to 400 times.
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13
Q

How do you work out the magnification?

A

Eyepiece number X objective lens number = Magnification

E.g. 4x scanning objective X 10x eyepiece = 40x

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14
Q

What is a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)?

A
  • SEM use electron illumination
  • The image is seen in 3D
  • The pictures are in black and white
  • The cells are dead
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15
Q

What is a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)?

A
  • TEM is electron illuminated
  • It gives a 2D view
  • Thin slices of specimen are obtained
  • It has high magnification and high resolution
  • The cells are dead
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16
Q

How are Prokaryotes clssified?

A
  • Eubacteria

- Archaea

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17
Q

What is Eubacteria?

A
  • It is generally talking about bacteria
  • They are complex structures that are found under neutral conditions
  • You can find Eubacteria in the human body, in some foods and practically everywhere around us
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18
Q

What are Archaeans?

A
  • They are single-celled prokaryotes
  • They can exist under some of the most extreme conditions, such as extremely hot, acidic or alkaline environments
  • They are also known as Extremophiles
19
Q

What is the structure of a Prokaryote cell?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Ribosomes
  • DNA
  • Plasmid
  • Cell wall
  • Flagellum
  • No membrane bound organelles
  • Capsule inside the cell wall
20
Q

What are photosynthetic prokaryotes?

A

-They do not contain chloroplasts but they possess membranous vesicles called thylakoids, where pigments (chlorophyll molecules) enable radiant energy of sunlight.

21
Q

What are chemosynthetic prokaryotes?

A

-They obtain energy to make their organic food by oxidizing high-energy inorganic compounds instead of consuming organic nutrients or using sunlight.

22
Q

What is the structure of a Eukaryote cell?

A
  • Plasma membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Membrane bound nucleus and organelles
23
Q

What kingdoms are eukaryote cells divided into?

A
  • Plants
  • Animals
  • Protists
  • Fungi
24
Q

What is a plasma membrane?

A
  • A thin membrane surrounding the cell
  • Keeps the cells shape
  • Separates the changing surrounding environments and allows certain liquids and gases to pass through it
25
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A
  • Only eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus which contains genetic information (DNA)
  • It is the control centre of the cell
  • It has small pores which allows transfer of substance.
26
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • It is located inside the nucleus

- It makes r-RNAn which leaves the nucleus and joins with certain proteins to form ribosomes in the cell.

27
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • There are several million ribosomes in every cell through the cytoplasm or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum
  • They are the site of protein synthesis.
  • They do not have a membrane
  • They also make enzymes
28
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • It is mainly involved in the transport of substances throughout the cell
  • There is the smooth E.R and rough E.R
29
Q

Smooth E.R

A

-They do not have ribosomes attached , and it’s involved with the formation and transport of lipids and steroids.

30
Q

Rough E.R

A

-It has ribosomes attached which the main function is to isolate and transport proteins produced buy the ribosomes.

31
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

-This is a stack of flat membranes that is involved in final processing and packaging of proteins into vesicles

32
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • They are rod shaped organelles that have a folded inner membrane that increase the surface area available for reactions
  • These organelles are involved in making energy for the cell through the process known as Cellular Respiration
33
Q

Cellular Respiration formula

A

Glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water +ATP (energy)

34
Q

ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate)

A

-It is an energy storage molecule that can be used by the cell to power cellular processes

35
Q

Chloroplast

A
  • Chloroplast are found in plant cells, some bacterial cells and some protists.
  • They contain the green pigment, Chlorophyll
  • The inner membrane is greatly folded to increase the surface area available for reaction.
36
Q

Chlorophyll

A

-It is able to absorb light energy and this helps carbon dioxide and water react to produce glucose and oxygen

37
Q

Energy formula

A

Carbon dioxide + water –> glucose and oxygen

38
Q

Lysosomes

A

-They are vesicles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that break down debris and foreign material

39
Q

Vacuoles

A
  • They store water and food wastes
  • They help get rid of wastes
  • Large vacuoles are found in plant cells. The fluid, or cell sap, serves as a storage space for sugars materials, proteins and water.
  • Animal cells may contain small vacuoles
40
Q

Centrioles

A
  • Cylinder shaped. It is involved in cell division

- Only found in animal cells

41
Q

Cell Wall

A
  • Tough, rigid outside surface of a plant
  • It gives the plant its shape
  • The cell wall is mainly made of cellullose
42
Q

Plasmadermata

A

-It allows communication and transport between plant cells

43
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

-It is a system of fibres within a cell that helps establish its shape, and plays a role in movement and cell division

Biology 1/2 (7 decks)

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