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cells Flashcards

1
Q

what is the cell membrane

A

its comprised of lipids and protines, controls what goes in and out of the cell and has receptors to respond to chemicals

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2
Q

explain the structure of the nucleus

A

its surrounded by a double membrane with nuclear pores on it, contains linear DNA in the form of chromatin and a nucleolus all embedded in the nucleoplasm

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3
Q

explain the function of the nucleus

A

Controls cell activities and metabolism , DNA codes for the formation of proteins via mRNA released to ribosomes through nuclear pores, the nucleolus is where the ribosomes are made

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4
Q

explain the structure of mitochondria

A

oval shape with a double membrane, inner mmranes fold to form cristae with the fluid inside called the matrix

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5
Q

explain the function of the mitochondria

A

contains enzymes for aerobic respiration

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6
Q

explain the structure of the golgi

A

stack of fluid filled membrane found in sacs which vesicles seen at the edge

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7
Q

explain the function of the golgi

A

modifies lipids an proteins and makes lysosomes

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8
Q

explain the structure of the vesicles

A

small membrane bound fluid filled sacs, produced from the golgi apparatus

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9
Q

explain the function of the vesicles

A

stores and transports proteins and lipids around and out of the cell

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10
Q

explain the structure of the lysosomes

A

circular organelle with a single membrane and a vesicle containing digestive enzymes

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11
Q

Explain the function of the lysosomes

A

Separates digestive enzymes from the other part of the cell used to digest foreign material and ‘worn’ organelles

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12
Q

Explain the function of the centrioles

A

Creates microtubes during mitosis to attach to centromeres on sister chromatids to separate them

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13
Q

Explain the structure and position of ribosomes

A

Small, often free in cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum and is comprised of protons and RNA and doesn’t have a membrane

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14
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes

A

Site of protein synthesis

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15
Q

What is the structure of the Rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Conjoined fluid filled membranes which are embedded with ribosomes

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16
Q

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Produce and fold polypeptides which have been created by ribosomes on the surface which are then put into vesicles to be sent to the Golgi

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17
Q

What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Conjoined fluid filled membranes which don’t have ribosomes

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18
Q

explain the structure of chloroplasts

A

surrounded by a double membrane, filled with a fluid called stroma. It contains flattened sacks called thylackoids, a stack of which is known as grana with interconnections called called lamellae. Can also contain starch grains

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19
Q

explain the function of chloroplasts

A

Site of photosynthesis, chloroplasts also contain there own DNA and ribosomes to synthesise their own proteins for photosynthesis

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20
Q

explain the structure of the vacuole

A

single membrane bound organelle, containing cell sap. The membrane is known as the tonoplast,

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21
Q

what does cell sap consist of

A

mineral salts, sugars, amino acids, wastes and some pigments

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22
Q

explain the function of the vacuole

A

turgor support, and acts as a temporary food store, as well as contains some pigments for petal colour

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23
Q

Explain the structure of the cell wall

A

comprised of cellulose, the cellulose fibres are embedded in a matrix. the layer between adjacent cell walls is called the middle lamellae and cements cells together, has pores called plasmodesmara

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24
Q

explain the function of the cell wall

A

cellular support under turgor pressure from osmosis, but also has pores which allows flow of water from one plant to the next

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25
what makes algal cells similar and different to plant cells
similar: has cell wall made of cellulose, and chloroplasts different: can be unicellular
26
what makes fungal cells different from plant and animal cells
can be unicellular or even multicellular, has cell wall made of chitin and they do not have chloroplasts
27
What are prokaryotic cells
Single celled organisms without any membrane bound organelles with a much smaller and simpler structure than eukaryotic cells
28
What organelles do typical prokaryotic cells have
Cell wall, cell membrane, plasmids, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleiod, capsule, flagellum
29
What is the nucleiod
Area where bacterial dna is found, the dna is free in the cell and not associated with proteins existing as a singular circular chromosome
30
What are plasmids
Smaller circular pieces of dna that can replicate independently from the main chromosomal dna, often the location of genes for antibiotic resistance, they can be transferred between different prokaryotes
31
What are ribosomes in prokaryotic cells
Like eukaryotes, prokaryotes still require proteins to function however their ribosomes are much smaller and known as 70s ribosomes
32
What is the cell wall in prokaryotes function
Helps prokaryote to maintain its shape preventing osmotic leaks
33
What is the slime capsule in prokaryotes function
Surrounding cell wall secreting slime and helps bacteria to adhere to one another and surfaces
34
What is the flagella
Long hair like structures needed for movement, not all prokaryotes will have one and some may have more than one
35
What is the pili
Small protections found on the surface of the bacteria which assist with adherence and connections to other prokaryotic cells
36
explain the process of binary fission
1)chromosome copies itself once along with the plasmids 2)the cell gets bigger and chromosome moves to opposite ends of the cell (more ribosomes, cytosil and phospholipids etc are produced) 3)the cytoplasm begins to divide 4)the two new daughter cells are formed each with a chromosome copy but variations in the plasmid numbers
37
what are viruses classified as
acellular
38
what are viruses comprised of
genetic material surrounded by a protein
39
hat must viruses do to replicate
invade a host cell to utilise their cellular machinery
40
explain how viruses divide
1)virus attaches to host cells receptor proteins 2)genetic material is released into host cell 3)genetic material and proteins are replicated by host cell 4)viral components assemble 5)replicated viruses released from cell
41
What is the max magnification of a light microscope
X1500
42
What is the max resolution of a light microscope
200nm
43
What are positives of light microscopes
Specimens can be alive See coloured images
44
What are the negatives of a light microscope
Low resolution Limited structures can be viewed Risk of artefacts e.g stains
45
How do light microscopes work
Light is converged and diverged through the gap in the stage
46
What is the magnification of electron microscopes
X1,500,000
47
What is the resolution of an electron microscope
0.1nm
48
What are positives of electron microscopes
More structures can be seen Higher magnification and resolution 3D images possible
49
What are issues with electron microscopes
Electrons can damage specimen Only view dead objects No coloured images Risk of artefacts
50
How do electron microscopes work
Negative magnets direct the electrons
51
what is the stage micrometer
small mini ruler put on the stage of the microscope
52
explain the scale and divisions of the stage micrometer
is 1mm long with 100 divisions all being 1um
53
what is the eyepiece graticule
lots of small divisions which line up with the stage micrometer to find divisions
54
What is cell fractionation
The process of separating organelles
55
Why might some scientist use cell fractionation
To study the appearance of a specific organelle under an electron microscope or to conduct research on the specific organelle
56
What are the three stages of Cell fractionation
Homogenisation Filtration Ultracentrifugation 
57
What is homogenisation 
Breaking up of cells
58
What must the sample be placed in for homogenisation 
A cold isotonic buffer solution
59
Why must the sample be placed in a cold isotonic buffer solution before homogenisation
It’s cold to reduce enzyme activity, it’s isotonic to remove the osmotic affect by having the same water potential out of the cells, and it’s buffered to maintain the pH so organelles are not disfigured as proteins in the organelles denature 
60
What happens during homogenisation 
The plasma membrane Is broken and releases the organelles into the homogenate
61
During filtration
The homogenate is filtered through a gauze
62
What is filtration in Cell fractionation for
To separate any large cell Debris to leave behind a filtrate 
63
Explain what happens during ultracentrifugation
First the filtrate is spun at a low speed in a centrifuge Which causes the heaviest organelles to settle at the bottom and form the pellet The rest of the organelles form a solution above the pellet called the supernatant. The supernatant is drained off and spun again with the next heavies organelles sinking to the bottom, This is repeated at increasing speeds until the desired organelle is separated
64
What is the normal order of organelles to form the pellet
Nucleus Chloroplasts (plant cells) Mitochondria Lysosomes Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes
65
What are the stages of the cell cycle
G1 which is growth and increase in organelles, S which is DNA synthesis and replication, G2 which is growth and preparation for mitosis checking that dna is replicated, and M is mitosis
66
What is the cell cycle
The process that allows a single cell to copy its DNA and divide to produce two genetically identical daughter cells
67
What stages of the cell cycle are in interphase 
G1, S, and G2
68
What are the phases of mitosis
Prophase metaphase anaphase telophase
69
What happens in prophase
Nuclear membrane breaks down, Spindle fibres form from microtubules, and chromosomes condense
70
What happens in metaphase
Chromosomes lineup along the equator of the cell
71
What happens during anaphase
One set of chromosomes is pulled to each end of the cell along the spindle fibres
72
What happened during telophase
Nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes
73
What happens during cytokinesis
Cytoplasm of the cell splits
74
explain how cancer can form
mitosis is controlled by two types of gene in which a mutation can result in uncontrolled mitosis producing mutant cells. These are usually structurally and functionally different from normal cells, which divide further forming tumors
75
what type of tumor is cancerous, which is not
malignant is cancerous, benign is non cancerous
76
how is cancer treated
drugs are used to prevent DNA from replicating or inhibiting the metaphase by interfering with spindle formation
77
how do cancer drugs cause hair loss
as tumor cells rapidly divide the drugs target rapidly dividing cells such as hair growth cells

Biology (9 decks)

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